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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most basic complete unit of matter.
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Element
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Combinations of two or more atoms.
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Compounds
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Elements that the body requires in large quantities.
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Bulk elements
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The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfar and phosphorus are all example of _______ _______.
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Bulk elements
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These make up 95% of the elements by weight.
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Bulk elements
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Absolutely necessary elements found in small quantities.
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Trace elements
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Elements found in extremely small amounts.
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Ultra Trace Elements
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These elements may be necessary, but in large quanitites may be very toxic.
Ex: Arsenic |
Ultratrace Elements
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Sometimes these elements are called nanonutrients.
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Ultratrace Elements
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Have a central nucleus that consists of protons and neutrons.
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Atoms
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Atoms have a central _________ that consists of protons and neutrons.
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Nucleus
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Atoms have a central nucleus that consists of positively charged _________ and ________, which have no charge.
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Protons & Neutrons
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Negatively charched particles that orbit around the nucleus and often are of equal number as the protons.
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Electrons
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Balance protons positive charge with their negative charge.
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Electrons
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Atoms have a central _________ that consists of protons and neutrons.
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Nucleus
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Atoms have a central nucleus that consists of positively charged _________ and ________, which have no charge.
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Protons & Neutrons
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Number of protons that the nucleus contains.
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Atomic number
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Negatively charched particles that orbit around the nucleus and often are of equal number as the protons.
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Electrons
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Weight of the number of protons and neutrons added together.
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Atomic weight
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Balance protons positive charge with their negative charge.
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Electrons
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The atomic weight is the combonation of ___________ and ___________.
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Protons and Neutrons
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Number of protons that the nucleus contains.
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Atomic number
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Weight of the number of protons and neutrons added together.
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Atomic weight
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Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons, therefore, their atomic weight will also vary.
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Isotopes
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Have the same atomic number but different atomic weight.
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Isotopes
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The atomic weight is the combonation of ___________ and ___________.
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Protons and Neutrons
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Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons, therefore, their atomic weight will also vary.
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Isotopes
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Isotopes that degrade, or fall apart.
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Radioactive Isotopes
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Have the same atomic number but different atomic weight.
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Isotopes
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Isotopes that degrade, or fall apart.
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Radioactive Isotopes
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What are the three types of radiation?
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Alpha, Beta and Gamma
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Radiation that emits 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Slow-non penetrating.
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Alpha radiation
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Fast and penetrating radiation, but not the fastest.
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Beta radiation
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Fastest and most penetrating radiation.
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Gamma radiation
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The only electron shell that participates in chemical bonding.
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Valence shell
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Combination of two or more atoms and can become quite large.
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Molecule
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Form when different kinds of atoms constitute the molecule.
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Compounds
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Atoms that have gained or lost one or more electron.
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Ions
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Atom that has gained one or more electrons.
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Anions
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Atom that has lost one or more electrons.
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Cations
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Name given qualities of attachment between atoms via the electrical qualities of the outermost electron shell.
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Bonds
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Bonds in which one or more electrons is donated or gained.
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Ionic Bond
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This type of bond is usually found in salts and is the strongest of the types of bonds.
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Ionic Bonds
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This type of bond is usually found in salts and is the strongest type of bonds.
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Ionic bonds
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Bonds in which an electron is shared by two or atoms.
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Covalent bonds
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Most common bonds found in biochemistry.
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Covalent bonds
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These bonds are usually organic in nature, meaning that the central atom is carbon.
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Covalent bonds
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These bonds are often facilitated by enzymes that catalyze the chemical reaction.
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Covalent bonds
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The weakest of bonds
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Hydrogen bonds
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These bonds usually occur at the opposite end of an atom
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Hydrogen bonds
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This type of bond is attracted with a partial +- charge.
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Hydrogen bonds
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This type of bond is what makes water polar able to dissolve substances and have surface tension.
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Hydrogen bonds
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Drawings that describe the physical structure of atoms/molecules.
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Structural formulas
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Polar atoms and molecules have an uneven distribution of __________ _____________.
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Electrical Charges
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The activity of reactants or reagents and form products.
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Chemical reactions
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Reactions in which bring two or more reactants together to form a new product.
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Synthesis reactions
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Reactions in which something is being broken down to smaller constituents.
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Decomposition reactions
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Ionizing radiation is an example of this reaction.
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Decomposition reaction
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Decomposition reaction in which light energy dislodges an electron from the outer shell of an atom or molecule, converting it to an ion.
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Ionizing radiation
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Reactions in which different kinds of molecules trade positions.
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Exchange reactions
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Molecules that influence the rates, but not the direction, of chemical reactions.
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Catalysts
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A reaction which can revert back to its original form.
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Reversible reaction
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A reaction that is symbolized by double arrows pointing in opposite directions.
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Reversible reaction
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A substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions.
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Acid
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A substance that ionizes in water to release hydroxide ions or other ions that combines with hydrogen ions.
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Base
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A compound produced by a reaction between an acid and a base.
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Salt
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A salt is a compound produced by an _______ and a _________.
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Acid & Base
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pH means
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power of hydrogen
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The negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration is in negative powers of ___ to express acidity and alkalinity.
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10
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(pH scale) The (lower/higher) the number, the more of the substance is present.
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Lower
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(pH scale) The lower the number, the (less/more) of the substance is present.
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More
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At what number are the hydrogen and hydroxel equal in number. Making the solution neutral.
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7.0
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Each pH number represents a ______-_________.
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Ten-fold
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pH of blood ranges between ______ to _______.
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7.35 to 7.45 range
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Condition that develops when the blood pH is too high.
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Alkalosis
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What is the pH range of blood during the condition alkalosis?
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7.5 to 7.8
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Condition that develops when the blood pH is too low.
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Acidosis
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What is the pH range of blood during the condition acidosis?
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7.3 to 7.0
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The most abundant compound in living material, and is polar, a solvent and a medium of exchange.
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Water
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Used for energy release.
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Oxygen
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Reacts with water to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate that regulates pH in a number of ways.
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Carbon dioxide
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Supplies many of the electrolytes
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Inorganic Salts
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Provides energy and building materials. Water soluble (polar).
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Carbohydrates
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Sugars are included in this organic substance.
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Carbohydrates
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A group of chemicals that are insoluble in water. Usually fats, phospholipids and steroids.
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Lipids
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The building blocks of fat molecules.
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Fatty acids and glycerol
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Forms triglycerides.
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Fatty acids
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The storage form of lipids (fats)
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Triglycerides
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This form of lipid contains only two fatty acid chains.
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Phospholipids
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The 3rd chain of a phospholipid is replaced by this.
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Phosphate group
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What are the two categories of fats?
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Saturated and unsaturated
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Form of fat that contains no double bonds.
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Saturated
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In this form of fat there is no place for an H+ to attach.
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Saturated
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Characteristic of animal fat.
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Saturated
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Form of fat solid at room temp.
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Saturated
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Form of fat containing double bonds.
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Unsaturated
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This form of fat could add an H+.
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Unsaturated
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Characteristic of plant fats (oils).
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Unsaturated
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Form of fat tends to be oil (liquid) at room temperature.
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Unsaturated
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Form of fat containing MORE than one double bond.
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Polyunsaturated fat
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Which organic compound do STEROIDS categorize under?
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Lipids
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This organic substance has a great variety of functions such as antibodies, structural materials, enzymes, hormones, glycoproteins and amino acids.
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Proteins
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All have an "amine" functional group containing nitrogen at one end and a carboxyl functional group at the other end.
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Proteins
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Proteins have an "______" functional group containing nitrogen at one end and a carboxyl functional group at the other.
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Amine
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Proteins have an "amine" functional group containing ______ at one end and a carboxyl functional group at the other.
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Nitrogen
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Proteins have an "amine" functional group containing nitrogen at one end and a _____________ functional group at the other.
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Carboxyl
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This level of protein is a single chain of amino acids which results from hydrogen bonds of reactive side-chain groups.
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Primary
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This level of protein is when the polypeptide is twisted to form coils or sheets.
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Secondary
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This level of protein is when there is more complex 3-dimensional folding of secondary polypeptide chains to form a stable complex protein structure.
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Tertiary
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(TRUE/FALSE) Denaturization may be caused by heat.
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True
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(TRUE/FALSE) Denaturization may be caused by pH.
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True
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(TRUE/FALSE) Denaturization may be caused by radiation.
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True
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(TRUE/FALSE) Denaturization may be caused by electricity.
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True
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What are the four factors that can cause denaturization?
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Heat, pH, radiation and electricity
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Constitute the genetic material.
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Nucleic Acids
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Building blocks of nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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Nucleotides are made up of a ___________, a phosphate group and one of several organic bases.
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5-carbon sugar
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Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a ______________ and one of several organic bases.
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Phosphate group
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Nucleotides are made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and one of the several __________ ___________.
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Organic bases
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Function is storage and transfer of genetic information.
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Nucleic Acid
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RNA stands for
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Ribonucleic acid
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DNA stands for
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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A single polynucleotide chain
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RNA
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A double polynucleotide chain which can replace itself
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DNA
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DNA & RNA are responsible for the transmission of ___________ _________ from generation to generation.
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gentic information
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DNA & RNA are responsible for the _____________ of genetic information from generation to generation.
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Transmission
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Expression of the ____ within a particular cell will determine the function of that cell.
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DNA
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Expression of the DNA within a particular cell will determine the _________ of that cell.
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Function
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DNA determines the function of the _______.
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cell
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