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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bones are organs made of different tissues.
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Osseous tissue
Connective tissue Cartilage Adipose Dense connective tissue Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue |
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NAV
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nerve, artery, vein = how they travel
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What is the function of bones and the skeletal system they form?
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Support: posture, framework
Protection: internal organs Movement: attachment site for muscles, which allow us to move Mineral storage: calcium Hemopoiesis: production of red blood cell that takes place in the bone marrow Fat storage: supply of energy (adipose stored in |
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Long bones
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Ex: humerus, femur
Longer than they are wide and contain more compact bone than spongy bone |
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Short bones
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Ex: trapezoid (in wrist)
Wider than they are long and contain more spongy bone than compact bone |
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Flat bones
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Ex: sternum, skull
Layer of spongy bone between two parallel layers of compact bone - diploe |
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Irregular bones
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Ex: vertebra – no specific shape
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Sesamoid bones
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Ex: patella
-Usually always associated with attachment of tendons and ligaments -Find them where there is a lot of friction -Not a lot in body -Smooth |
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Diaphysis
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Body of a long bone
-Also called shaft of the bone |
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Epiphysis
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-Proximal and distal epiphysis
-Ends of long bone |
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Bones are organs made of different tissues.
|
Osseous tissue
Connective tissue Cartilage Adipose Dense connective tissue Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue |
|
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NAV
|
nerve, artery, vein = how they travel
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What is the function of bones and the skeletal system they form?
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Support: posture, framework
Protection: internal organs Movement: attachment site for muscles, which allow us to move Mineral storage: calcium Hemopoiesis: production of red blood cell that takes place in the bone marrow Fat storage: supply of energy (adipose stored in |
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Long bones
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Ex: humerus, femur
Longer than they are wide and contain more compact bone than spongy bone |
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Short bones
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Ex: trapezoid (in wrist)
Wider than they are long and contain more spongy bone than compact bone |
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Flat bones
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Ex: sternum, skull
Layer of spongy bone between two parallel layers of compact bone - diploe |
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Irregular bones
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Ex: vertebra – no specific shape
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Sesamoid bones
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Ex: patella
-Usually always associated with attachment of tendons and ligaments -Find them where there is a lot of friction -Not a lot in body -Smooth |
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Diaphysis
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Body of a long bone
-Also called shaft of the bone |
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Epiphysis
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-Proximal and distal epiphysis
-Ends of long bone |
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Metaphysis
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-Contains the growth plate (epiphyseal plate/line)
-Located between the Epiphysis and the Diaphysis |
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Articular cartilage
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-Colored in blue, found at the ends of long bones
-Reduces friction between articulating bones |
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Periosteum
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-Top membrane that covers the bone, does not go all the way to cartlige
-Thin covering on the outside of the bone, tough |
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Fibrous
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Dese irregular connective tissue
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Oseteogenic layer
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-Layer that give nourishment to bone
-When you break a bone, this is the part that will remodel the bone and help it grow back |
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Endosteum
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Lining of medullary cavity
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Medullary cavity
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-Hollow part of the bone in the diaphysis
-Bone marrow is found here |
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Depressions and openings
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-Fissure – narrow slit between adjacent bones
-Foramen – ANV (Artery, Nerve, Vein) hole, opening through which blood vessels and nerves pass -Fossa – indentation or a shallow depression (muscle attachment) -Sulcus – groove or furrow -Meatus - canal or passageway (tube-like) |
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Condyle
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protuberance at the end of a bone (projection at end of long bone)
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Facet
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found on the vertebra, smooth, flat articular surface/edge
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Head
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rounded large part at the end of a long bone (proximal end)
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Crest
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prominent ridge
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Epicondyle
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sits on top of a condyle (superior to a condyle)
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Line
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line of demarcation, narrow slits or furrow, doesn’t indent very much, border
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Spinous processes
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slender projection
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Trochanter
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very large projection
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Tubercle
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nodule or a small eminence, point of attachment for a tendon
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Tuberosity
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roughened part of the bones, large, rounded
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Tinsel string
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what which bone ability to keep up with pressure and promote strength, makes-up part of matrix
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Osteogenic (Osteoprojeneter) cells
-Remember… mesenchyme cells always come first |
-Going to become a blast cell
-Can still divide -Immature cell -Undifferentiated -Found in Periosteum and endosteum |
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Osteoblasts
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-Forms the bone matrix and collagen fibers
-CANNOT divide |
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Osteocytes
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-Maintains the health of the bone, the integrity of the bone
-maintenance |
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Osteoclasts
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-Resorption – removes the old bone and breaks down the matrix so the process can start over again
-One big macrophage |
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Osteon
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-Main organizing structure
-Contains concentric lamellae, lacunae, and osteocytes |
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Central Canal
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-Perforating canal central canal (has to perforate the bone before it can get to the middle of the bone)
-Perforating canal, brings blood vessels to the central canal |
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Lacunae
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Where osteocytes are found
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Caniliculi
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Fluid filled channels that helps cells talk to each other
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Interstitial lamella
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Older lamella that have been pushed out
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Circumferential lamellae
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Oldest and start to wear away
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Histology of Spongy Bone
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Ends of long bones
Inside flat bones Trabeculae |
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Trabeculae
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-Structure of spongy bone
-Contain osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteosytes |
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Histology of compact and spongy bone
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-One is distinguished from the other by differences location, density, & anatomy
-Compact – thicker, more dense, concentric layer, found on the outside of the bone, Osteons -Spongy – thinner, less dense, found on the interior of the bone, Trabculae |
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Periosteal arteries
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-Delivers the blood to the periosteum
-Caries blood to periosteal vein -Enter at diaphysis |
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Nutrient arteries
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-Nutrient artery goes through the nutrient foremen
-Supply the medullary cavity -Goes to the proximal and distal ends of the bone as well -Enter at diaphysis |
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Metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
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Go to the metaphysis and the epiphysis
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Nutrient veins
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-Goes through the nutrient foremen
-Enter diaphysis -Nutrient artery goes through the nutrient foremen -Supply the medullary cavity -Goes to the proximal and distal ends of the bone as well |
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Metaphyseal/epiphyseal
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-Drains blood from metaphysis and epiphysis
-Metaphysis & epiphysis vein |
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Periosteal veins
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Drains blood from the periosteum
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Bone formation (LOTS OF TEXT QUESTIONS ON TEST)
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Intramembranous ossification (simpler of ossification types): flat bones
1. Development of the ossification center No mature cells yet 2. Calcification Mature cells, osteocytes in the lacunae 3. Formation of Trabeculae 4. Development of periosteum Spongy bone between two layers of compact bone |
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Cartilage Model
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1.Development of cartilage model
2.Growth of cartilage model 3.Development of primary ossification center-Nutrient artery perforates the diaphysis of the bone Development of spongy bone 4. Development of the medullary cavity (happens at time of birth) Maturing, takes shape of a regular bone 5.Development of secondary ossification center Secondary ossification at the epiphysis 6.Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate o Cartilage is replaced by bone; occurs for most bones of the body o Involves a six step process o Length The cartilage model grows in length by mitosis and by the deposition of extracellular matrix Interstitial growth- growth in length o Thickness In contrast, growth of cartilage in thickness is due mainly to the addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery Appositional growth- growth in thickness (video) • Ridges in periosteum create groove for Periosteal blood vessel • Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel • Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new Osteon • Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new Periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels |
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Length
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The cartilage model grows in length by mitosis and by the deposition of extracellular matrix
Interstitial growth- growth in length |
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Thickness
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In contrast, growth of cartilage in thickness is due mainly to the addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery
Appositional growth- growth in thickness (video) • Ridges in periosteum create groove for Periosteal blood vessel • Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel • Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new Osteon • Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new Periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels |
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Epiphysial Plate
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-The growth in length of a long bone involves
•Interstitial growth •Replacement of cartilage with bone by endochondral ossification on the diaphyseal side of the epiphysial plate |
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Layers
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-Zone of resting cartilage
-Anchors the growth plate to the bone -Zone of proliferating cartilage Rapidly dividing cells -Zone of hypertrophic cartilage -Cells enlarge a little but remain in stacks or columns -Zone of calcified cartilage,Thin zone of dead cells |
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The role of the epiphyseal plate in bone growth
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The growth in length of a long bone involves
1.interstitial growth 2.replacement of cartilage with bone by endochondral ossification on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. |
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Remodeling of bone
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•Bone remodeling
•Done by Resporption -taking the old matrix •Bone deposition -New matrix is created •In this last phase, remaining dead bone fragments are resorbed, and compact bone replaces spongy bone at the periphery. •A well-healed fracture is virtually undetectable by x-ray. •The process of bone remodeling can take weeks to months depending upon the severity of the fracture |
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osteoporosis
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•Osteoporosis literally means “porous bones”
•The problem is that bone resorption (destruction) outpaces bone deposition (formation). o Shrinking grandparents o Especially in women because of estrogen o Production of the main androgen (testosterone) in older men wanes gradually and only slightly |
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Factors affecting bone growth and repair
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•Availability of minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus)
•Availability of vitamins (A, C, D, K, B12) •Availability of specific hormones (insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and the thyroid hormones) |
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The effects of aging on bone tissue
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•There are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue:
•Loss of bone mass results from the loss of calcium and other minerals from bone extracellular matrix (demineralization) •Brittleness occurs as the production of collagen fibers (which give bone tissue its tensile strength) slows |
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Types of Bone Fractures
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Open (compound) fracture
-Bone protrudes though the skin •Comminuted fracture -Break pushes bone fragments in between the break -Splinters and fragments lie near the break -The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments. •Greenstick fracture -Only in children -Break of one and bending of another -A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children •Impacted fracture -Jams bone or into bone socket -Forcefully driven into the interior of the other bone •Pott’s fracture -Common in soccer, in the leg -Break in the lateral bone and problems with the distal articulation -A fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation. •Colles’ fracture -In the arm, break in the lateral bone and articulation problems -A fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly. •Stress fracture -Most common -Microscopic fissures or fractures in bone that usually form from repeated, strenuous activities. -About 25% of stress fractures involve the tibia. |
