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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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St. Augustine
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- Near present-day Jacksonville, FL
- Built in place of a French Protestant (Huguenot) colony - Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and his Spanish men destroyed the colony in 1565 - They set up a fortified outpost that would give them control over the region - Close to sea-lanes used by Spanish treasure ships on their way back to Europe - Oldest permanent European settlement in the U.S. |
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Juan de Oñate
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- Led group of 500 soldiers and settlers to New Mexico in 1598
- Mexican who had heard of rich cities in the north - Area was inhabited by Pueblos, who initially were kind to Oñate's men - Spanish began using torture, rape, and other forceful methods to obtain Pueblo clothing and food - People of Acoma killed some of the soldiers, so Spanish killed 800 villagers and captured the rest - Other villages saw cruelty of the Spanish and surrendered to them |
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Samuel de Champlain
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- 1608 - Set up a trading post at what the Iriquois called Stadacona (Cartier had previously stayed there)
- Named it Quebec - St. Lawrence River valley's most easily defended spot - Ships had to pass through it in order to reach the heartland of the continent |
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Jesuits/Black Robes
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- Roman Catholic order whose goal was to convert non-Christians to Christianity
- Arrived in Quebec in 1625 and tried to spread European culture to natives by persuading them to move near French settlements and to use European methods of agriculture (unsuccessful) - Decided to learn native languages and live among natives - Discredited shamans, convinced natives that smallpox was punishment from God, used European science to predict eclipses - Less forceful and impatient than the Spanish missionaries - More in-touch with the natives |
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New Netherland
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- Founded principally for trade
- North American colony of the Dutch West India Company - Stayed confined to a river valley that provided easy access to its settlements - No elected assembly --> little loyalty to the leaders - Population only reached about 5,000 |
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Iriquois-Huron War
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- Iriquois = upstate NY; Hurons = Ontario
- Iriquois traded with Dutch, Hurons traded with French - 1640s - went to war because Iriquois wanted to become Europe's main supplier of pelts and secure hunting grounds - Iriquois won war because of Dutch weapons and smallpox epidemic --> Hurons were exterminated - Caused Iriquois to be seen as a major force that could not be ignored - Proved that demands for pelts in Europe had negatively altered relationships among native communities |
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Greater Antilles
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- Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
- Spanish concentrated on colonizing these islands because of their size - Left smaller ones to be colonized by other European nations (used as bases to attack Spanish ships) |
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Lesser Antilles
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- St. Kitts, Barbados, Providence (England)
- Guadeloupe, Martinique (France) - St. Eustatius (Dutch) - Sources of valuable spices, dyes, and fruits - Served as bases for attacking Spanish ships carrying gold and silver |
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English Reformation
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- Henry VIII wanted a divorce--> pope would not allow it --> separated from the Catholic Church and formed his own Church of England
- English people had lost respect for Catholic Church and did not oppose - Protestant Reformation occurred under Elizabeth I - Led by Calvin and Luther - Said that people could interpret the Bible for themselves without priests - Increased literacy - New belief = only thing needed to be a good Christian was undying faith in God - English Calvinists = Puritans and Separatists |
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Martin Luther
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- Leader of Protestant Reformation
- Challenged power of priests - People could interpret Bible for themselves - Felt that rituals and hierarchies of Catholicism were unnecessary - Good Christian = undying faith in God |
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John Calvin
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- Took Luther's basic beliefs even farther
- Believed people must submit completely to God's will - English followers ended up being known as Puritans and Separatists - Only people who could be "saved" were chosen before birth (predestination) |
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James I and Charles I
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- Successors of Elizabeth I
- James Stuart was her cousin; Charles was his son - Little tolerance for Puritans, Separatists, and representative government - Believed in divine right of kings - Felt they had the power to control their people's religion - Their religious restrictions led many to flee to America |
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Joint-Stock Companies
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- Originally developed as a way to combine the resources of many small investors to fund trading voyages
- FInanced many English people who moved to the New World - Worked well in the sense that no one risked great amounts of money and everyone received returns quickly - Failed in the sense that they could not produce enough capital to support growing colonies |
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Virginia Company
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- 1606 - Established by group of merchants and wealthy gentry
- Wanted to earn profits by finding metals and new trade routes - Granted a charter by King James I - 1607 - Established settlement near Chesapeake Bay called Jamestown |
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Jamestown
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- Located on swampy peninsula called Tsenacomoco by natives
- First Europeans to live there were 104 men and boys - Suffered from disease and drought - 1608 - Only 38 were still alive - More people arrived over next two years - 1624 - only 1,300 of 8,000 immigrants had survived |
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Captain John Smith
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- Used military discipline on colonists in Jamestown who refused to change and adapt
- Saved Jamestown from collapse |
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"Starving Time"
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- Winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown
- At least one colonist resorted to cannibalism - Only fractions of immigrants to Jamestown survived |
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Powhatan Confederacy
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- Indians of Tsenacomoco were divided into six Algonquian villages together known as the Powhatan Confederacy
- Powhatan = powerful and wise leader - First viewed Europeans as allies - Europeans demanded supplies even during the drought - Indians could not trade their supplies during that time - English kidnapped Powhatan's daughter, Pocahontas |
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Pocahontas
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- Kidnapped by the English when the Indians were unable to supply the colonists with their crops during the drought
- Agreed to marry John Rolfe, who sailed her to England - Marriage may have been a diplomatic alliance - Pocahontas gave birth to Rolfe's son and died in England in 1616 |
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Algonquian/English Cultural Differences
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- English men saw Indian men as lazy because they hunted, which was seen as sport in England, and did not do agricultural work
- Indian men believed that English men's agricultural work was "women's work" - English believed that Indian women were oppressed because they did field labor - English political and social power passed through the male line - Indian cultures were usually matrilineal - English rulers were strong monarchs - Indian leaders and their people ruled together - English always saw themselves as superior to the natives and expected them to adopt their methods and culture |
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John Rolfe
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- Married Pocahontas in 1614 and took her back to England, where she gave birth to his son
- Planted first tobacco crop - Tobacco became one of the most important resources in the New World |
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"Headright" System
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- 1617 - Developed by the VA Company to attract more settlers to the colony
- Each new arrival that paid his/her own way and each colonist who paid for someone else's voyage received 50 acres of land - Powerful incentive to all social classes in England - Reform of system created House of Burgesses - assembly of elected colonists created to please the English colonists who were accustomed to electing members of Parliament |
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Opechancanough
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- Powhatan's brother and successor
- Launched attacks along the James River in 1622 and killed 1/4 of the colonists in one day - Remaining settlers were sent weapons from England - Opechancanough tried to attack again in 1644 but was killed in battle - Surviving members of Powhatan Confederacy agreed to be subordinate to English authority - All attempts to stop the spread of European colonization ended |
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Chesapeake
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- VA + MD = Chesapeake
- Similar in every way besides religion - Virginians were all members of Church of England; Maryland practiced religious tolerance |
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Cecilius Calvert
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- Second Lord Baltimore
- First colonizer to provide freedom of religion to all Christian settlers |
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Indentured Servants
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- Immigrated to America promising to work for four to seven years for a colonist or a family of colonists
- Accounted for about 80% of English immigrants to the Chesapeake - Most were males between the ages of 15 and 24 - Worked 6 days a week and could be sold and disciplined by masters - Received clothes, tools, livestock, corn, tobacco, and sometimes land after fulfilling contracts |
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"Seasoning"
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- Fight with disease that immigrants to the Chesapeake had to endure
- About 40% of indentured servants did not survive long enough to become free men |
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Freeholders
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- Former servants who became independent farmers
- Dream of becoming a freeholder was motivation for many to become indentured servants in the Chesapeake - Some freeholders even obtained political positions |
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Congregationalists
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- Late 1620s - Group of Puritan Congregationalists felt that King Charles I and his Church of England were oppressing their practices
- Sent a group of colonists to Cape Ann in 1628 - Obtained a royal charter in 1629 that officially named them the Massachusetts Bay Company |
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Separatists
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- Came to be known as Pilgrims
- Felt that the Church of England was hopelessly corrupt - Many moved to New England - Hoped to isolate themselves from other religions and temptations - Obtained VA Company's permission to settle in the northern section of their land (ended up farther north) |
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Plymouth
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- 1620 - 102 people (30 of which were Separatists) left England on the Mayflower
- Reached America at a location farther north than planned (due to information given by sailors to Captain Jones) - Did not leave this location because of the lateness of the season - Established Plymouth on the site of an Indian village that had been wiped out by disease - Named after the city in England that "Launched the Mayflower" |
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Mayflower Compact
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- Signed in 1620 on the ship
- "Civil Body Politic" would be used as a substitute for a charter for the time being (men elected a governor and made all important decisions at town meetings) - Declared basic principles of the colony - Colonists vowed to submit to laws established by the community - May have been a way to keep the colonists from falling apart due to frequent arguments occurring on the ship - Written in a matter of minutes - Made what they were doing at Plymouth seem "more legal" to them |
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Pokanokets
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- Branch of Wampanoags
- Inhabited the area where the Pilgrims settled - Decided to ally themselves with the Pilgrims because they had lost so many due to disease and needed protection against the Narragansetts |
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Massasoit and Squanto
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- Massasoit = Leader of Pokanokets
- 1621 - Signed a treaty with the Pilgrims and began to supply them with essentials for survival - Squanto = Pokanoket who had been captured by Europeans in the 1610s and taken to Europe, where he learned to speak English - Returned to England to find his village wiped out by disease - Became the Pilgrim's interpreter and provided with information about their new environment |
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Massachusetts Bay Company
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- Formed in 1629 by a group of Congregationalist merchants
- Decided to move their headquarters to New England so that they would not have to deal with the king and his Church of England - Being headquartered in the New World differentiated them from the Virginia Company, which was headquartered in London |
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John Winthrop
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- 1629 - Elected as governor of Massachusetts Bay Company
- Organized first steps of Puritan migration - Preached a sermon called "A Model of Christian Charity" - Stressed communal nature of the mission and the idea that differences in social status did not imply differences in worth to God - "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us" |
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Doctrine of the Covenant
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- Puritans believed that God had made a covenant with them when they were chosen to be a part of the mission to move to America
- Decided to covenant with one another and promised to work as one to fulfill their goals |
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Communal Land Grant System
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- One thing that differentiated New England from the Chesapeake
- Groups of men applied together for land grants on which they would create towns and determined together how the land would be divided - Groups of men usually came from same parts of England and copied off of their homeland - More land was given to most distinguished people - Different from England because every man and even some single women received their own land |
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Thomas Hooker
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- Directed the first English people to move to the Connecticut valley from Massachusetts Bay
- Land was separate from other towns, but the river gave them access to the ocean - Territory was controlled by the Pequots - Ended the Puritan's history of good relationships with natives |
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Pequot War
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- Pequots felt that their power as trade middlemen between New England Indians and the Dutch in New Netherland was coming to an end when the English arrived with Hooker
- 2 English traders were killed (not by Pequots) and the English raided a Pequot village - Pequots attacked Wethersfield in 1637 - Nine were killed and 2 captured - Massachusetts Bay colony and the Narragansetts attacked and burned the main Pequot village, killing at least 400 and capturing the rest - New England natives then began to adapt to the spread of European colonization |
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John Eliot
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- One of the few Massachusetts Bay colonists to attempt to convert natives
- Insisted on complete cultural transformation - Unsuccessful |
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Roger Williams
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- Felt Puritans had no right to a) combine church and state, b) attempt to convert natives, and c) be granted land that already belonged to others
- Tried in 1635 for challenging the authority of the king's charter and believing that the colony had not separated itself enough from the corruption of England - Convicted and banished - Founded Providence in Rhode Island, where he established the first policy of true religious tolerance |
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Anne Hutchinson
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- Popular medical practitioner who spread her ideas at childbirth gatherings, where only women were present
- Believed that John Cotton was right in his belief in the covenant of grace, which held that God granted salvation to unworthy humans - Puritans liked the idea of certain salvation - Tried for maligning the colony's ministers - Said that she had been contacted by God, who had threatened to curse the Puritans if she was harmed in any way - Excommunicated and exiled to Rhode Island in 1638 - Killed by Indians there a few years later |
