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34 Cards in this Set
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Sigmund Freud
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father of psychodynamic theories; believed that unconscious forces were more powerful than conscious, also argued that personality formed through psychosexual phases.
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psychoanalysis
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a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud that considers unconscious motives and how one was raised
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ID
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present at birth; the reservoir of the unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure.
-has two competing instincts: life or sexual, instinct and death, or aggressive, instinct. -Build up tension may burst in reflex actions, physical symptoms, or uncensored mental images and unbidden thoughts. - too much= selfish and impulsive |
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ego
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referee between needs of instinct and the demands of society puts reins on id’s tension until social output could be found
-Both conscious and unconscious (reason and good sense) -too much is moralistic and bossy |
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superego
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morality and parental authority
-has conscience (inner voice that decides what is wrong) -largely unconscious= judge activities of ID either providing satisfaction or guilt -too much= no balance of personal needs and wishes with duties and realistic limitations |
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defense mechanisms
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ego commands relief of tension of id; deny or distort reality; unconscious avoids anxiety
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repression
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threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness.
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projection
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person’s own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else; employed by ego
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displacement and sublimation
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people direct emotions toward things, animal, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings (sublimation= serving this for a social useful purpose like art).
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reaction formation
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= a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed its opposite in consciousness (like lying to yourself)
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regression
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person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development (like tantrums)
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denial
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people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening (like ignore abuse)
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Freud's sexual phases
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Oral stage
Anal stage Phallic stage -Oedipus complex -Olectra complex Latency stage genital stage |
Oral stage= taste every thing (first year)
Anal stage= control of bodily waist (2nd to 3rd year) Phallic stage= (most crucial stage) age 3 to 5 or 6, child want parent of other sex to rid of perent of same sex; phenomena of sex rivals; sexes find pleasure of sex organs -Oedipus complex= attached to mother -Olectra complex= attached to dad -Later accept same sex parent authority Latency stage= unisexual; sex feelings subside genital stage= lead to puberty and then adult sexuality; sex feeling crowding. |
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Karen Horney
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found Freud’s psychosexual stages insulting, then argued men must then have womb envy.
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Carl Jung
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once a close friend to Freud; created Jugian theory: all human beings share a vast collective unconscious= containing universal memories, symbols, images and themes (ARCHETYPES); archetypes= summarize unity of life and the totality of the self: everyone could not deny their own or they would problems can arise. Not empirical psychology.
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Five big personality traits
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distinctive pattern of behavior mannerisms, thoughts and emotions that characterizes an individual over time.
-traits= habitual ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling like shy or social (go to chart) |
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genes
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the basic units of heredity, are made of elements of DNA: affect hereditary and temperament.
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temperament
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physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate (reactive and not reactive; Drane Kagen theory)
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heritabiltiy
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a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
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why are twin studies so valuable?
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to show what is hereditary and what is not.
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culture
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an environmental influence; a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or a society and a set values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by members of the community.
-individualist= individual out presence first - collectivist= individual takes groups presidency first -monochromic= does things one at a time -polychromic=does several things at a time (southern Europe) |
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heritabiltiy
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a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
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conversational distance
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how close people can stand next to each other during conversation
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why are twin studies so valuable?
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to show what is hereditary and what is not.
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Abraham Maslow
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Showed the good side of human nature in terms of peak experiences, self actualization= strives for a life of meaning, purpose, and challenge
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culture
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an environmental influence; a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or a society and a set values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by members of the community.
-individualist= individual out presence first - collectivist= individual takes groups presidency first -monochromic= does things one at a time -polychromic=does several things at a time (southern Europe) |
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Carl Rodgers
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Unconditional positive regard= love and support given to another person with no conditions attached; open to experiences and gain trust.
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conversational distance
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how close people can stand next to each other during conversation
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Rollo May
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-existentialism= looks at the burdens and aspects of free will; emphasizes on inevitable dilemmas and challenges of the human existence.
-concepts difficult to define operational wise. |
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Abraham Maslow
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Showed the good side of human nature in terms of peak experiences, self actualization= strives for a life of meaning, purpose, and challenge
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Humanist
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movement of 1960’s; psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and achievement of human potential.
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Carl Rodgers
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Unconditional positive regard= love and support given to another person with no conditions attached; open to experiences and gain trust.
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Rollo May
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-existentialism= looks at the burdens and aspects of free will; emphasizes on inevitable dilemmas and challenges of the human existence.
-concepts difficult to define operational wise. |
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Humanist
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movement of 1960’s; psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and achievement of human potential.
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