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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General model characterizing a phenomenon |
Theory |
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Testable prediction that can be generated from a good theory |
Hypothesis |
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True/False: Good theories are are always correct theories |
F; good theories are those that generate good hypotheses |
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Variable a researcher manipulates in an experiment to test how to control the phenomenon under study |
Independent variable |
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The measured variable |
Dependent variable |
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Specific, clearly-communicated definitions for independent & dependent variables; allow researchers reading scientific reports to replicate a study by acting as a recipe for exactly how the IV was administered & how DV was measured |
Operational definition |
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Pro: extensive knowledge of one subject/participant Con: may not be generalizable (or can't apply to others) |
Case study (descriptive study) |
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Pro: observes participants or subjects in their natural environment Con: reactivity may occur if subjects or participants are aware of the presence of the researcher Can't determine cause of any behavior |
Observational study (type of descriptive study) |
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Pro: can determine positive, negative, or 0 relationships between 2 variables Can ethically examine relationships between variables Con: cannot determine causality or directionality (which influenced the other) May fall prey to third variable problem (something else causing both) |
Correlational study |
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Pro: ONLY method that establishes causes Opportunity for strict control of conditions in a lab Con: observes participants or subjects in unnatural environment (lab) Can be unethical |
Experimental study |
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Process by which each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected as a sample to participate in research |
Random sampling |
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Process by which an already selected sample is divided into groups for an experiment |
Random assignment |
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What are the four major concerns in which IRBs are invested? |
Privacy, informed consent, access to data, relative risks |
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Two ethical principles with which the IACUCs are concerned? |
Health and well being (animals cared for properly) Fairness (is use of animals appropriate & does it provide benefit to humanity/non human animals) |
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Steps of the scientific method |
1) forming hypotheses 2) conducting lit reviews 3) designing a study 4) conducting a study 5) analyzing data 6) reporting results |
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Measurable outcomes of research studies |
Data |
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4 primary goals of psychological science? |
Description Prediction Control Explain |
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Positive correlation means |
Both variables move in the same direction |
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Occam's Razor states that |
When there are two-plus explanations for an occurrence, the simpler one is usually better |
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The change in the dependent variable may be due to something other than the independent variable |
Confounding variable |
