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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic molecules are composed mostly of what atom? |
Carbon |
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How many bonds can a carbon atom form? Why is this important? |
4 covalent bonds |
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What gives carbon chains their unique characteristics? |
Carbon chains can be turned into a ring when immersed into water. |
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What is the general formula for a monosaccharide? |
(CH2O)n, with n being from 3 to 7, with each carbon containing ahydroxyl (-OH) group except one, the remaining carbon atom has a carbonyl group (-C=O) |
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What is the ring structure for glucose? |
Six membered ring: one atom is oxygen, the others are carbon. |
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What is the formula for the biggest monosaccharide? |
C7H14O7 |
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What is the formula for a monosaccharide with 5 oxygen atoms? |
C5H10O5 |
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What are the four monosaccharides discussed in class? |
Fructose |
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What is the general formula for an amino acid? |
Central carbon atom Hydrogen atom |
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What is an R group? |
Can be thought of as "the rest of the molecule" |
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Name four different types of R groups and their properties. |
Some are hydrophobic Some have + or - charges |
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How many different amino acids occur in organisms? |
20 |
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What is the general formula of a fatty acid? |
Carbon chain from 4 to 22 |
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What is an omega-3 fatty acid? |
Fatty acid carbon chain with a double bond between the third and fourth carbon from the end of the chain |
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What is an essential fatty acid? |
A fatty acid that is not produced in the organism that must be obtained in the diet |
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What is the general formula for a nucleotide? |
Pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar) |
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What is a polymer? |
A large molecule composed of many similar molecular subunits. |
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What is a monomer? |
small, repeating units that can be linked together to form polymers. |
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What is dehydration synthesis? |
The synthesis of a compound or molecule involving the removal of water and a new bond being formed between the compounds or molecules that require an input of energy. |
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What is hydrolysis? |
Splitting of one molecule into two by breaking the bond and addition of the H+ and OH- ions of water that is an energy-yielding process. |
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What is a disaccharide? |
A carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules linked by a covalent bond. |
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What are three examples of disaccharides? |
Sucrose |
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What is an oligosaccharide? |
A monosaccharide chain 3 to 10 long that are covalently bonded together. |
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What are examples of two oligosaccharides? |
Inulin |
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What is a polysaccharide? |
Polymers made up of monosaccharides linked together in long chains. |
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What are four examples of polysaccharides and their function in organisms? |
Starch - Primary storage of glucose molecules. Glycogen - The common energy storage in animals and plants. Cellulose - Provides structure molecules in plants. |
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What is the difference between amylose and amylose pectin? |
Amylose - Unbranched molecule (linear) |
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What bond holds the monomers of di, oligo, and polysaccharides together? |
Glycosidic bond |
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What is a protein or polypeptide? |
Protein - A complex organic compound composed of many (100 or more) amino acids joined by peptide bonds. |
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What is a monomer of a protein or polypeptide? |
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What bond holds the monomers of a polypeptide together? |
Peptide bonds (Form between a carboxyl group |
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What is the primary structure of a protein or polypeptide? What causes it? |
The linear sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the information stored in the DNA |
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What causes the secondary structure of a protein or polypeptide? |
As a polypeptide chain is assembled in the cell, interactions among the various amino acids along the chain cause it to fold into a pattern. |
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What are an alpha helix and a beta pleated sheet? |
Alpha helix - a spiral held in place by hydrogen bonds |
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What is the tertiary structure of a protein or polypeptide? |
The folding of the secondary structure to provide structure and shape for organisms which occurs through complex interactions between R groups in individual amino acids. |
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What are the four causes for tertiary structure of a protein or polypeptide? |
Hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridging by covalent bonding, hydrophobic/philic forces, or attractions between + and - charged R groups. |
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What is the denaturing of proteins? What are three ways of denaturization? |
Denaturization - The structural breakdown of a protein. 1. Heat |
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What are some functions of proteins or polypeptides? |
Structural, regulatory (hormonal), enzymatic (metabolic), transport, nutritional, and immunicological. |
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What is a lipid? How can they be extracted from cells? |
Lipid - Fat and fat-like substances that are generally hydrophobic and are insoluble in water. |
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What is the structure of a triglyceride? |
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule; glycerol ester of fatty acids (the main constituent of fats and oils. |
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What are the bonds that form between the fatty acids and the glycerol molecule called in a triglyceride? |
Ester linkage |
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What is the function of triglycerides? |
Energy storage |
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What is the difference between a fat and an oil? |
Fat - Saturated if there are no double bonds in the tail Oil - Unsaturated if there are double bonds in the tail. |
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Who typically makes fats and who makes oils? |
Animals make fats |
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What are trans fats? What are cis fats? |
Trans - Hydrogen atoms that are on opposite sides of a lipid molecule Cis - Hydrogen atoms that are on the same side of a lipid molecule |
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What is the structure of a phospholipid? |
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, and R group |
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Where are the phospholipids commonly found? |
Used in cell membranes |
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How are the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic related to phospholipids? |
Glycerol/phosphate end is polar and hydrophilic |
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What is the structure of a wax? |
Long chain in fatty acids plus various other functional groups (mostly hydroxyls) |
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What is one of the properties of waxes? |
Keeps H2O inside or out of something (water repellent), generally solid |
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What are two types of waxes in plants and where are they found? |
Cutin - Used to make a plant's cuticle (outside of plant) |
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What is the structure of a sterol? |
4 interconnected rings (chicken wire, chicken wire, chicken wire, house) |
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What are some examples and functions of sterols? |
Cholesterol - holds cells together |
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What is the structure of a nucleic acid? |
Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base |
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What is the function of DNA? |
Stores the primary structure of proteins |
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What are the four nitrogen containing bases in DNA? |
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) |
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What does the term complementary mean concerning DNA? |
A to T, C to G |
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What does antoparallel mean concerning DNA? |
3' to 5' on one end of the "ladder" and 5' to 3' on the other end |
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What is the three dimensional structure of DNA? |
double helix |
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What is the function of RNA? |
Protein synthesis |
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What are the four nitrogen containing bases of RNA? |
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanin (G), Cytosine (C) |
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What is the structural difference between the sugars deoxyribose and ribose? |
Ribose has an OH group on 2' carbon and U instead of T for nitrogen containing base |
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What is the structure of ATP? |
Ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphates |
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What is the function of ATP? |
Energy transfer inside a cell |
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What is the difference between primary and secondary metabolites? |
Primary - Molecules found in all plant cells |
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What are the three classes of secondary metabolites? |
Alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics |
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What are some of the functions of some secondary metabolites? |
Alkaloids - Antiherbivory, antimicrobial/antifungal |
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Could the following represent a monosaccharide? C8H16O8 |
Yes |
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Every amino acid has which of the following parts? |
e. All of the above |
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Nucleotides have three parts. Besides a pentose sugar and a nitrogen containing base, what is the third part? |
e. None of the above; Phosphate group |
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The disaccharide maltose is composed of ____ and ____. b. Galactose, ribose c. Fructose, glucose d. Glucose, glucose |
d. Glucose, glucose |
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The glycoproteins of the immune system are an example of a ______ b. Oligosaccharide |
b. Oligosaccharide |
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Polysaccharides are composed of ____ monomers. |
b. Monosaccharides |
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In starch there are two different molecules: ____ is unbranched and is used for ____. d. Amylopectin, structure |
a. Amylose, energy storage |
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Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide. It is used as ____. |
d. An energy source for some animals and fungi |
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Polypeptides are composed of ____ monomers. |
a. Amino acids |
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Secondary structure is caused by ____. a. Glycerol bonding between the R-groups and terminal glycerol molecule |
d. Hydrogen bonding between amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
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To form a salt bridge in a tertiary structured protein, what types of R-groups would be best to use? |
d. An R-group containing a negative charge and an R-group containing a positive charge |
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A triglyceride is compoused of two parts; a ____ molecule and three ___. |
c. Glycerol, fatty acids |
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Animals typically make ____; which are ____ fats. This means there are ____ bonds in the fatty acids. |
a. Fats, saturated, no double |
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In nature, fats are called cis-fats. This means ____. |
b. The hydrogen atoms attached to carbons in double bonding are on the same side of the fatty acid. |
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Triglycerides are used for ____ while waxes are used for ____. |
d. None of the above; energy storage, water retention |
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Besides being composed of 2 fatty acids and sometimes an R-group, what else does a phospholipid contain? |
b. Glycerol, phosphate group |
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The monomer of a nucleic acid is a ____. a. Simple sugar (glucose) |
e. Nucleotide |
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RNA belongs to a class of molecules called ____. |
e. Nucleic acids |
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Nucleic acids are described as being antiparallel. This means that ____. a. The sides of the ladder-like shape are composed of the same molecules. |
c. The sides of DNA run from 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' |
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Which of the following nitrogen containing bases is not found in DNA? |
c. Uracil |
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The bonds that link the monomers of a polysaccharide are called ____. The bonds that link the monomers of a protein are called ____. While the bonds that link fatty acids to the glycerol molecule in a triglyceride are called ____. |
Glycosidic linkages, peptide bonds, ester linkages |
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Polymers such as polysaccharides are assembled from monomers using a chemical reaction called ____. Polymers can be disassembled using a chemical reaction called ____. |
D. Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis |
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Which of the following are not secondary metabolites? b. Nucleic acids |
b. Nucleic acid |
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Which of the following is not a common function of secondary metabolites? |
b. Energy storage |
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Who coined the term cell? a. Rudolf Virchow |
c. Robert Hooke |
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Who was the first to see single-celled organisms? a. Rudolf Virchow |
e. Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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What organelle in a eukaryotic cell is responsible for photosynthesis? |
Chloroplast |
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What is the large organelle in a eukaryotic cell responsible for storage of water, sugar, proteins, etc? |
Vacuole |
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What organelle in a eukaryotic cell is where starch is stored and can turn into a chloroplast? |
Amyloplast |
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What structure in a cell is responsible for protein synthesis? |
Ribosome |
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What is the structure in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is located? |
Nucleoid |
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What organelle of a eukaryotic cell produce lipids? |
Smooth ER |
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The ____ cell wall is the layer of the cell wall found on the outside of a plant cell. |
Primary |
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What structure in a eukaryotic cell is where ribosomes are made? |
Nucleolus |
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What organelle in a eukaryotic cell is responsible for the synthesis of many of the chemicals of the cell wall? |
Golgi body |
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What is fibrous material seen inside of a nucleus? |
Chromatin |
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Function of the following cell structures: |
Plasma membrane - Controls movement into and out of cells |
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Functions of the following organelles or cell structures: Nuclear membrane Cytoskeleton |
Nuclear membrane - Limits access to DNA Oil body - Energy storage |
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What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? What are two pieces of evidence that support this theory? |
A symbiotic relationship in which one or more organisms live in cells or body of a host without doing harm. |
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What is the structure that produces the cellulose of the cell wall? |
Cellulose rosette/microfibrils of glucose moelcules |
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What is the primary cell wall and where is it located? |
First wall deposited by a cell from in to out during cell expansion. |
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What is a primary pit field? |
Thin area in primary cell wall through which plasmodesmata pass. |
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What are the small holes in the primary wall? |
Plasmodesmata |
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What are the small tubes through the holes in the primary pit fields? |
Desmotubule |
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What is the secondary cell wall and where is it located? |
Innermost layer of cell wall interior to the primary cell wall |
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What are pits and where are they located? |
Sections of the secondary cell wall not deposited over primary pit fields |
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Golgi body |
Chemical synthesis and shipping to the outside of the cell |
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Cytoplasm |
The area outside of the nucleus |
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primary cell wall |
The first cell wall to be made |
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chromoplast |
Contains red, orange, and yellow pigments |
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flagella |
for movement |
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chromatin |
fibrous material in the nucleus which is composed of DNA and histone proteins |
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70 S |
Prokaryotic ribosomes |
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secondary cell wall |
The cell wall that is internal to the primary cell wall |
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nuclear membrane |
Limits access to DNA |
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glycocalyx |
mucilaginous layer for attachment to surfaces in prokaryotic cells |
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vacuole |
Large organelle involved in storage |
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chloroplast |
the organelles that perform photosynthesis |
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ribosome |
the cell structure which is involved in protein synthesis |
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nucleolus |
where ribosomes are assembled |
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nucleoid |
where DNA is located in a prokaryotic cell |
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pit |
a missing segment of a secondary cell wall usually associated with a primary pit field |
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Rough ER |
the organelle associated with protein modification and shipping |
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nuclear pores |
lets large structures out of the nucleus |
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plasmodesmata |
A small home in the primary cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of two cells |
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amyloplast |
stores starch and can turn into a chloroplast when exposed to light |
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plasma membrane |
controls movement into and out of the cells |
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middle lamella |
the part of the cell wall where two cells are connected |
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primary pit field |
a collection of plasmodesmata in the primary cell wall |
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nucleus |
where DNA is located in a eukaryotic cell |
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mitochondria |
the organelle of a eukaryotic cell where most ATP synthesis occurs |
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Smooth ER |
lipid synthesis and shipping |
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desmotubule |
a small segment of ER that goes through a plasmodesmata |
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cytosol |
the liquid outside of the nucleus |
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frimbrae |
threads for attachment to surfaces in prokaryotic cells |
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cytoskeleton |
internal support and shape in a eukaryotic cell |
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cell wall |
gives a cell shape, external structure, and protection |
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80 S |
eukaryotic ribosome |
