Chapter 2 Life On Land

Front 1

Natural History

Back 1

the study of how organisms in a particular area are influenced by factors such as climate, soils, predators, competitors, and evolutionary history

Front 2

Where do tropical rain forests straddle the equator?

Back 2

Three major regions: Southeast Asia, West Africa, and South America

Front 3

Tropical Savanna Climate

Back 3

Seasonal droughts combined with fire from lightning that accompanies the rain the summer

Front 4

Human Influence in the Tropical Savanna

Back 4

The savanna was the classroom where early humans observed and learned to use, control, and make fire

Front 5

Desert Geography

Back 5

-20% of land surface

-30 degrees North and South latitude

Front 6

What are desert soils sometimes classified as?

Back 6

Lithosols: stone or mineral soil

*However, some desert shrubs have islands of organic and fertile soil under them

Front 7

Where are Mediterranean Woodland and Shrublands not found?

Back 7

The continent of Antarctica

Front 8

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland soil

Back 8

-Low to moderate fertility

-Fragile

-Soil erosion can be sever

Front 9

Temperate Grasslands Geography

Back 9

Largest biome in North America extending from 30-55 degrees latitude

Front 10

Temperate Grassland Climate

Back 10

Wetter than deserts but they do experience drought; most precipitation occurs during the summer during the height of the growing season

Front 11

Temperate Grassland human influence

Back 11

Have produced some of the most fertile farmlands on earth and have fed much of the world

Front 12

Temperate Forest Geography

Back 12

Can be found between 30 and 55 degrees latitude but most of the biome lies between 40 and 50 degrees

Front 13

What type of trees dominate temperate forests

Back 13

-Deciduous trees since the growing season is moist and lasts at least 4 months long

-Deciduous trees cause the soil to usually be fertile, organic, and generally neutral or slightly acidic due to organic and inorganic nutrients

Front 14

Where are Boreal Forests (Taiga) confined to and what types of trees are found?

Back 14

-Northern hemisphere

-Dominated by evergreen conifers like spruce, fir, and pine trees

Front 15

What is the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)?

Back 15

It uses temperature and precipitation to calculate moisture conditions relative to long-term averages for a certain region

(Negative = drought, positive = moist, 0= average)

Front 16

Natural History

Back 16

The study of how organisms in a given area are influenced by factors such as climate, soils, predators, and competition.

Front 17

If you were living in an equatorial region, which variable would change the most?

Back 17

-Day length

-Temperature

-Precipitation

Front 18

In the tropics, winds blowing from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere are called the ____

Back 18

Northeast Trades

Front 19

How many different tree species can be found in 1 ha of rain forest?

Back 19

300 species

Front 20

Which feature is found in the plant lie of the savanna?

Back 20

Fire resistance

Front 21

What is the precipitation range for a temperate grassland?

Back 21

300-1000mm annually

Front 22

Which predator was once the most abundant on the North America grasslands?

Back 22

Wolves

Front 23

What major change has occurred to the grasslands over the past 50 years?

Back 23

Conversion into farmland

Front 24

Which biome is found in the eastern part of the United States, ranging from the Atlantic sea coast to the Great Plains?

Back 24

Temperate Forest

Front 25

True or false: Deciduous trees dominate the temperate forests

Back 25

True

Front 26

which part of the temperate forest will contain the richest soils?

Back 26

Under deciduous forests

Front 27

What are the fundamental aspects of terrestrial ecology?

Back 27

1) Seasonal variations in temperature

2) Seasonal variations in precipitation

3) Geographic variations

Front 28

Which factors help determine the geographic distribution of terrestrial biomes?

Back 28

1) Variation in climate

2) Patterns of precipitation

3) prevailing temperatures

Front 29

What is the annual precipitation range of the tundra?

Back 29

200-600 mm

Front 30

Which of the following are resources that humans directly gain from mountains?

Back 30

1) Forage for animals

2) Sources of wood

3) Medicinal plants

Front 31

What two features are used to distinguish a biome?

Back 31

Plants and climates

Front 32

The tropical dry forest soil tends to _____ acidic when compared to those of rain forests?

Back 32

Less

Front 33

What is the correct order of vegetation in a temperate forest?

Back 33

1) Herb layer

2)shrub layer

3) shade tolerant trees

4) canopy

Front 34

Which soil component will help mix organic matter in the A horizon?

Back 34

Earthworms

Front 35

Which soil component is most likely to be found in the C horizon?

Back 35

Rock fragments

Front 36

Which features are found in the tundra?

Back 36

Small ponds and open landscape

Front 37

which of the following describe the soils of the boreal forest?

Back 37

1) low in fertility

2) acidic

3)Thin

Front 38

which soil component is least likely to be found in the B horizon?

Back 38

A)Humus

B)clay

C)limestone***

Front 39

Which of the following predators are found in the boreal forest?

Back 39

Wolves, grizzly bears, lynx

Front 40

Which biome has lost a significant amount of its organic matter over the last 40 years?

Back 40

Grassland prairie soils

Front 41

At middle and high latitudes, average temperatures are:

Back 41

lower and more seasonal

Front 42

Which feature does not contribute to soil structure?

Back 42

Geographical region

Front 43

which of the following plants can be found on the tundra?

Back 43

-Grasses

-Lichens

-Mosses

Front 44

Which regions contain tropical dry forests?

Back 44

Northern Africa, Central America, Wester North America

Front 45

In equatorial regions, the sun will cause the air to

Back 45

expand and rise

Front 46

Due to the soil quality of savannas, where are they most commonly found in south America?

Back 46

wet areas that retain water

Front 47

Identify what happens to the equatorial air once it sinks back to the earth's surface around 30 degrees latitude?

Back 47

Dry air will draw moisture from the land forming desert

Front 48

Which part of the US contain the last remaining old growth forests?

Back 48

Western United States

Front 49

which variables contribute to the uniqueness of mountain soils?

Back 49

-Persistent winds

-Steepness of the topography

Front 50

Which domesticated crop is planted in the Mediterranean woodlands?

Back 50

Wheat

Front 51

Identify the early groups of humans that impacted the tundras environment

Back 51

Nomadic herders and hunters

Front 52

Identify the original dispersal agents for the seeds of the guanacaste tree

Back 52

Horses, camels, and ground sloths

Front 53

The minimum amount of precipitation that a biome can experience and still be considered a temperate forest is

Back 53

650 mm (most is 3000 mm)

Front 54

Identify the organisms that tropical plants have to compete with in order to obtain nutrients from the forest soil?

Back 54

Mites and bacteria

Front 55

What info is gained from the relative positions of temperature and precipitation lines on a climate graph?

Back 55

Water availability

Front 56

What is the average temperature range for a tropical rainforest?

Back 56

25-27 degrees Celsius, just a little less warm than average summers

Front 57

In the Northern Hemisphere, which direction does the Coriolis effect deflect the wind?

Back 57

To the right

Front 58

How much rainfall would 20 degrees celsius represent on a climate diagram?

Back 58

40mm

Front 59

The unique soil process that moves soil down the slopes in the tundra is known as

Back 59

solifluction

Front 60

Which features cause the greatest amount of water loss in a desert?

Back 60

Evaporation and transpiration