Cells And Structures In The Nervous System

Front 1

Roughly, how many neurons are in the brain?

Back 1

100 Billion (six zeroes)

Front 2

Roughly, how many synapses are in the brain?

Back 2

10^15 synapses on the brain

Front 3

Name the four zones:

Back 3

1. Input Zone, 2. Integration Zone, 3. Conduction Zone, 4. Output Zone

Front 4

What does the Input Zone consist of?

Back 4

Dendrites that recieve information.

Front 5

What does the Integration Zone consist of?

Back 5

The cell body or Soma that collects the information.

Front 6

What is the Axon Hillock?

Back 6

The part of the Soma (cell body) that connects with the Axon, that father's info and turns it into electric impulses.

Front 7

What does the Conduction Zone consist of?

Back 7

A single conducting nerve fibre, the Axon.

Front 8

What does the Output Zone consist of?

Back 8

Selling at the end of the axon, synaptic buttons, that transmit signals across synapses.

Front 9

Hope many main type of neurons are there?

Back 9

3

Front 10

What Neuron is large, with long axons, and transmitted info to muscles for movement?

Back 10

Motorneurons

Front 11

What Neuron differs in size and shape, depending on what sensory information it collects?

Back 11

Sensory Neurons

Front 12

What Neuron are tiny, and communicate across various parts of the brain?

Back 12

Interneurons

Front 13

Describe a Multipolar Neuron?

Back 13

It has many dendrites, one axon, and a 'pyrimidal' shape. The most common Neuron.

Front 14

Describe a Bipolar Neuron?

Back 14

A single dendrite, and a single axon. Most common for Sensory Neurons.

Front 15

Describe Mono/Unipolar Neurons?

Back 15

1 single extension from soma: the axon, and both the input and output zones. Most common for relaying touch info from body to spine.

Front 16

What is the difference between a Presynaptic Nerve and a Postsynaptic Nerve?

Back 16

Electrical information is transmitted from the Axon Terminals of a Presynaptic Neuron TO the Postsynaptic Neuron.

Front 17

What are 1, 2, and 3?

Back 17

1. The Presynaptic Membrane, 2. The Postsynaptic Membrane, 3. The Synaptic Cleft

Front 18

What is the distance of the Synaptic Cleft?

Back 18

20-40 nm

Front 19

Define Neuroplasticity:

Back 19

The general term for continuous remodeling of the neurons in the brain, specificity the connections between Dendrites and Axon Terminals.

Front 20

What is the difference between Axon Transport and Axon Transmission?

Back 20

Axon Transport is inside the cell, and describes how important chemicals that are made in the cell body are transported throughout the cell. Axon Transmission is the transfer of Action Potentials alone the outer membrane.

Front 21

List the four types of Glial Cells:

Back 21

Oligodendrocytes, Schwan Cells, Astrocytes, Microglial Cells

Front 22

What is the difference between Oligodendrocytes and Schwan Cells?

Back 22

They are both glial cells that produce myelin, but the Oligodendrocytes are doing in the CNS and Schwan Cells are found in the PNS.

Front 23

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

Back 23

They are gaps between myelination where Action Potentials jump from Neuron to Neuron.

Front 24

What is an Edema?

Back 24

When Glial Cells get injured, they swell, and cause pressure in the brain.

Front 25

Define: Nerves

Back 25

A bundle of Axons outside the CNS.

Front 26

What is the difference between Motor and Sensory Nerves?

Back 26

Motor Nerves transmit information from spine TO muscles and glands, Sensory Nerves transmit information from the receptors to the brain.

Front 27

What if the difference between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 27

The SNS are nerves connecting CNS to major muscles and Sensory systems (voluntary movement). The ANS are nerves connecting CNS to the viscera or the internal organs (involuntary movement).

Front 28

What are the Cranial Nerves?

Back 28

12 pairs of nerves, one on each side, that innervates the heads, neck and internal organs, without connecting to the spine.

Front 29

How many pairs of Cranial nerves do we have?

Back 29

3 pairs of sensory nerves, 5 pairs of motor nerves, and 4 pairs of both sensory and motor nerves.

Front 30

What are the Spinal Nerves?

Back 30

31 pairs of nerves, that innervates the body through the spine. The motor fibres come out the front, the sensory fibres come in the back. Each nerve has a location on the spine.

Front 31

What are the five spinal locations, or the 5 groups of Spinal Nerves?

Back 31

Cervical > Thoracic > Lumbar > Sacial > Coccygeal

Front 32

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the Cervical Region?

Back 32

8 pairs, for the neck.

Front 33

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the Thoracic Region?

Back 33

12 pairs, for the trunk.

Front 34

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the Lumbar Region?

Back 34

5 pairs, for lower back.

Front 35

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the Sacral Region?

Back 35

5 pairs, for the pelvis.

Front 36

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the Coccygeal Region?

Back 36

1 pair, at the bottom.

Front 37

What is the difference between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic NS?

Back 37

The SNS consists of the middle area of the spine. It's responsible for the fight out flight response. The PSNS consists of the areas above and below the middle parts of the spine. It's responsible for the rest and digest response.

Front 38

What do the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic NS have in common with the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 38

The PSNS and the SNS make up the ANS.

Front 39

Define: Gyrus (Gyri)

Back 39

The raised portions of the Cortex.

Front 40

Define: Sulcus (Sulci)

Back 40

The 'valleys' separating the Gyri in the cortex.

Front 41

How heavy is the brain and how much energy does it require?

Back 41

The brain if roughly 3 llbs, or 2% of body weight. It requires 20% of daily energy to function.

Front 42

What is this planar view? And what is the front and back called?

Back 42

The Horizontal Plane or cut horizontally, the front is called Anterior, the back is called Posterior.

Front 43

What is this plane and directions?

Back 43

The Sagittal Plane or cut back to front, Dorsal is the top, Ventral is the bottom.

Front 44

What is this planar view? What are the directions?

Back 44

The Coronal Plane or cut, side to side. The top is Dorsal, the bottom is Ventral.

Front 45

What is the Sylvian Fissure?

Back 45

A Sulcus that divides the Temporal Lobe from other regions.

Front 46

What is the Central Sulcus?

Back 46

A Sulcus that divides the Frontal and Parietal lobes.

Front 47

What is the Olfactory Bulb?

Back 47

A small bump found under the Frontal Lobe and ontop of the nasal passage. Responsible for the sense of smell.

Front 48

Define: Corpus Callosum

Back 48

The bridge between cerebral hemispheres, that allows them to communicate with eachother.

Front 49

Define: The Postcentral Gyrus

Back 49

Before the Central Sulcus, a raised part of the Parietal Cortex that recieves and mediated Touch Sensory information.

Front 50

Define: Precentral Gyrus

Back 50

Infront of the Central Sulcus, a raised portion of the Frontal Cortex that is crucial for motor control.

Front 51

Define: Tract

Back 51

A bundle of Axons in the CNS.

Front 52

What is the difference between a Tract and a Nerve?

Back 52

A Tract is a bundle of Axons in the CNS, a Nerve if a bundle of Axons in the PNS.

Front 53

Define: The Cortical Column

Back 53

The basic organization of the cortex, vertically. There are 6 layers.

Front 54

Define: The Neural Tube

Back 54

The prenatal structure that will become the brain. Has 3 parts, the fore/mid/hindbrain.

Front 55

Define: the Forebrain

Back 55

The front of the Neural Tube, it will become the cerebral hemispheres, the Thalmus and the Hypothalamus.

Front 56

Define: the Midbrain

Back 56

The middle of the Neural Tube, turns into the middle of the brain, which has Sensory and Motor Systems.

Front 57

Define: the Hindbrain

Back 57

The rear of the Neural Tube, becomes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.

Front 58

Define: Nucleus

Back 58

A collection of neurons in the brain that super eachother in the same function.

Front 59

What are the three protective membranes around the CNS?

Back 59

1. Dura Mator - the tough outer sheet.

2. Pia Mator - Innermost sheet.

3. Arachnoid - the web like suspension between the two Mators.

Front 60

What two liquids are essential for a healthy brain?

Back 60

1. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

2. Blood

Front 61

Define: Cerebral Arteries

Back 61

The 3 pairs of arteries that connect the heart and brain directly.

Front 62

Describe: the Blood-Brain Barrier

Back 62

A barrier that makes it harder to exchange blood in the brain than anywhere else in the body. Most likely to protect brain from any toxins.

Front 63

Describe: the Frontal Lobe

Back 63

The front. motor control, cognition, language, impulse control and smell. Has the Olfactory Bulb.

Front 64

Describe: the Parietal Lobe

Back 64

In-between the front and back. Deals with Sensory information. Recieves where visual information from Occipital Lobe.

Front 65

Describe: the Temporal Lobe

Back 65

On the sides. Auditory information and memory. Understanding of language, has the Wernika Area. Also accepted what visual information from the Occipital Lobe.

Front 66

Describe: the Occipital Lobe

Back 66

The back of reach hemisphere. Recieves all Visual Stimulus before sending it out to Temporal or Parietal Lobe.

Front 67

Define: the Cerebellum

Back 67

Under the brain, important for motor co-ordination and learning.

Front 68

Define: the Pons

Back 68

Point of origin for many cranial nerves. Between midbrain and medulla.

Front 69

Define: the Medulla

Back 69

Connects with spine, in charge of 'living behaviors' like breathing and heart rate.

Front 70

Define: the Lizard Brain

Back 70

The brain stem and cerebellum.

Front 71

Why is it that the bigger an animal, the bigger the brain?

Back 71

It requires more brain size to innervate a larger body.

** Brains are disproportionality large in humans

Front 72

Describe: the Executive Brain Ratio

Back 72

This is the ratio of the size of the cerebellum divided by the size of the lizard brain.

This ratio shows how 'intelligent' an animal is

Front 73

What if the difference between Caroted and Vartegral Arteries?

Back 73

They are the main supply of blood for the brain, but the Caroted bypass the spine.

Front 74

Why do the Caroted and Vartegral Arteries usually go to the same place?

Back 74

Just Incase one of them is damaged or bloked, the other can still provide blood.

Front 75

Describe: a Stroke

Back 75

The blockage or ruptures of vessels or arteries in the brain. Also called a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). It usually happens because a Thrombosis (blood clot) forms, and leads to Ischemera (suffocation from lack of oxygen). It's the third most common death.

Front 76

Describe: the Lateral Ventricle

Back 76

C- shaped, extends to all four lobes.

Front 77

Describe: the Third Ventricle

Back 77

Channels CSF from the Lateral Ventricle to the Fourth Ventricle.

Front 78

Describe: the Fourth Ventricle

Back 78

In the Pons, it releases CSF to surround the brain.

Front 79

What are the three uses for Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

Back 79

1. It provides nutrients to the brain.

2. It provides cushion from shocks.

3. During sleep, it cleans out toxins by filtering through expanded brain channels.

Front 80

What is the difference between Dorsal and Ventral?

Back 80

Dorsal is the top, Ventral is the bottom

Front 81

What is the difference between Anterior and Posterior?

Back 81

Anterior is the front, Posterior is the back.

Front 82

What is the difference between Medial and Lateral?

Back 82

Medial is towards the centre line, Lateral is away from the centre line.

Front 83

What is the difference between Superior and Inferior?

Back 83

Superior is above something, Inferior is below something.

Front 84

What is the distance between Rostral and Raudal?

Back 84

Rostral is Infront of something, Raudal is behind something.

Front 85

What is the difference between Proximal and Distal?

Back 85

Proximal is close to something, Distal is far away from something.

Front 86

What is the difference between Afferent and Efferent?

Back 86

Afferent projects towards something, Efferent projects away from something.

Front 87

What is the difference between Ipsilateral, Contralateral, and Decussate?

Back 87

Ipsilateral is on the same cerebral hemisphere, Contralateral is on the other cerebral hemisphere, Decussate means the structure crosses the midline separating both hemispheres.

Front 88

How many anatomical markers are in the brain?

Back 88

There are 52 markers. They organizer the brain based by structure.

Front 89

How many ways can you organize the brain?

Back 89

1. By Cortical Areas: using anatomical markers.

2. By Cellular Difference: how large the six vehicle layers of the brain are.

3. By Embryonic Divisions: the fore/mid/hindbrain.

Front 90

How much of the brain can you physically see?

Back 90

Only 1/3.

Front 91

Define: the Primary Sensory Cortex.

Back 91

Layer IV (the input later) is thicker, with more cells accepting sensory information.

Front 92

Define: the Primary Motor Cortex

Back 92

Layers V and VI (motor output layers) with more neurons sending out motor command.

Front 93

Define: the Association Cortex

Back 93

All layers are roughly equal, with cells accepting and innervating information.

Front 94

Define: Left Brained

Back 94

They are logical. The left brain deals with logic, reason, language. (Has both Wernika and Broka)

Front 95

Define: Right Brained

Back 95

They are artistic. The right brain is responsible for space manipulation, music, emotion, and facial recognition.

Front 96

Define: Contralaterality

Back 96

The right side of the world is processed by the left side of the brain and vice versa.

Front 97

Define: Telencephalon

Back 97

The part of the Forebrain in the Neutral Tube, that will become the future Cerebral Hemispheres.

Front 98

Define: Diencephalon

Back 98

Part of the Forebrain in the Neural Tube, that becomes the future Thalmus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary Gland.

Front 99

Describe: the Thalmus

Back 99

- 10% is dedicated to collecting and distributing all Sensory information to the rest of the brain

- 20% is dedicated to filtering out unnecessary stimulus.

Front 100

Describe: the Hypothalamus

Back 100

Controls the endocrine system through the Pituitary Gland.