Chapter 2 Key Terms

Front 1

Human Movement System

Back 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Front 2

Nervous System

Back 2

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

Front 3

Sensory Function

Back 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Front 4

Integrative Function

Back 4

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

Front 5

Motor Function

Back 5

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information

Front 6

Proprioception

Back 6

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

Front 7

Neuron

Back 7

The functional unit of the nervous system

Front 8

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Back 8

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Front 9

Interneurons

Back 9

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Front 10

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Back 10

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Front 11

Central Nervous System

Back 11

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Front 12

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 12

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

Front 13

Mechanoreceptors

Back 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Front 14

Muscle Spindles

Back 14

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Front 15

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

Back 15

Receptors sensitive to change in tensions of the muscle and the rate of that change

Front 16

Joint Receptors

Back 16

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Front 17

Skeletal System

Back 17

The body's framework, composed of bones and joints

Front 18

Bones

Back 18

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Front 19

Joints

Back 19

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also Known as an articulation.

Front 20

Axial Skeleton

Back 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Front 21

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

Front 22

Remodeling

Back 22

The process of resorption and formation of bone

Front 23

Osteoclasts

Back 23

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

Front 24

Osteoblasts

Back 24

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

Front 25

Epiphysis

Back 25

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Front 26

Diaphysis

Back 26

The shaft portion of the long bone

Front 27

Epiphyseal Plate

Back 27

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth of the diaphysis occurs.

Front 28

Periosteum

Back 28

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane

Front 29

Medullar Cavity

Back 29

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

Front 30

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

Back 30

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

Front 31

Depressions

Back 31

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites

Front 32

Processes

Back 32

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

Front 33

Vertebral Column

Back 33

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

Front 34

Arthrokinematics

Back 34

Joint motion

Front 35

Synovial Joints

Back 35

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

Front 36

Nonsynovial Joints

Back 36

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

Front 37

Ligament

Back 37

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

Front 38

Muscular System

Back 38

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton

Front 39

Epimysium

Back 39

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

Front 40

Perimysium

Back 40

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Front 41

Endomysium

Back 41

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

Front 42

Tendons

Back 42

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Front 43

Sarcomere

Back 43

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

Front 44

Neural Activation

Back 44

The contraction of a muscle generated be neural stimulation

Front 45

Motor Unit

Back 45

A motor neron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 46

Neurotransmitters

Back 46

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle