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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atom
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smallest basic unit of matter
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Element
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substance made of one type of atom that cant be broken down by typical chemical means
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Compound
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substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ration
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Ion
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atom that has gained one or more electrons (any atom with a net charge of 1 or more)
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Ionic Bonds
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occur when one atom transfers (gives) an electron to another atom that needs an electron
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Covalent bonds
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forms when atoms share a pair of electrons
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Molecule
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two or more atoms held together by covalent or ionic bonds
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Hydrogen Bond
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type of weak attraction that holds the slight + H atom and a slightly − atom
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Cohesion
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tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another
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adhesion
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attraction that occurs between molecules of different kinds
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Solution
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a mixture of substances that is the same throughout
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Solvent
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substance that is present in the greatest amount
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solute
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substance that dissolves in a solvent
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acids
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compound that donates protons or H ion in water HCl
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base
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compound that removes protons or H ions in water NaOH
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pH
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the measure of H+ in solution. if pH decreases it is more acidic
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monomer
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a single molecule
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polymer
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two or more molecules linked together
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dimer
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two molecules linked together
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carbohydrates
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most important source of energy for your body.
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lipids
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a large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and general insolubility in water.
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fatty acids
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a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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protein
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large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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amino acids
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the monomers that make up proteins
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nucleic acid
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large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life.
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Chemical Reactions
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change substances into different substances by break and making bonds between atoms
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Reactants
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molecules that are changed in a reaction.
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Products
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molecules produced from the reaction
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bond energy
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a measure of the amount of energy needed to break apart one mole of covalently bonded gases.
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Equilibrium
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a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
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Reaction energy
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the minimum energy which must be available to a chemical system with potential reactants to result in a chemical reaction.
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exothermic reactions
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release energy
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endothermic reactions
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take in energy
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Catalyst
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a substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction while undergoing no permanent change itself.
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enzyme
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proteins that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life.
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substrate
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a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
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Basic Structure of an Atom |
protons, neutrons, & electrons |
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Proton charge |
positive (+) |
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Neutron Charge |
neutral (no charge) |
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Electron Charge |
negative (−) |
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Element |
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons. |
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Molecule |
a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. |
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Compound |
a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture. |
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Atomic mass |
the mass of an atomic particle, sub-atomic particle, or molecule. |
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Atomic number |
the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus. |
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Covalent bond |
a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. |
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Ionic bond |
the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. |
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Hydrogen bond |
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. |
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Polarity |
the tendency of living organisms or parts to develop with distinct anterior and posterior ends, or to grow or orient in a particular direction. |
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Polar molecule |
has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. |
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it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. |
How Water is a good example of a polar molecule |
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Fivelife supporting properties of water |
1) relatively low viscosity 2) water (H2O) is LESS dense in solid form (ice) than its liquid form 3) hydrogen bonding 4) the so-called "universal solvent" 5) water has a high specific heat capacity |
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Organic molecules |
the molecules of life and are built around chains of carbon atoms that are often quite long. |
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Inorganic molecules |
contain hydrogen or carbon, BUT if they have BOTH, they are organic. |
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Buffer solutions |
used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. |
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acids and bases on a pH scale |
pH levels lower than 7 are acidic, and pH levels higher than 7 are basic. |
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how pH affects H+ concentration |
1 = 1,000,000 2 = 100,000 3 = 10,000 4 = 1,000 5 = 100 6 = 10 7 = 1 8 = 0.1 9 = 0.01 10 = 0.001 11 = 0.0001 12 = 0.00001 13 = 0.000001 14 = 0.0000001 |
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carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid |
4 types of carbon based molecules |
