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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Led a peasant rebellion in 1381 in England
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Wat Tyler
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A young woman who led the French military in the Hundred Years' War with her visions and was later burned at the stake by the English for witchcraft and heresy
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Joan of Arc
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Professor at Oxford University in 1380 who said that the true church could do without elaborate possessions and that devout persons did not need to obtain salvation by only reading the bible which he translated to English
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John Wyclif
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Czech religious reformer and martyr who was interrogated, condemned, and burned at the stake to discourage heresy
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John Huss
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Common name for the Bubonic Plague which caused the population to drop from 70 million to 45 million
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Black Death
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A contagious, often fatal epidemic disease caused by the bacteria transmitted from person to person or by the from an infected rodent like a rat. Most likely the cause of the drop in the population in England in 1400
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Bubonic Plague
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Name of rebellions of workers and peasants in France during the 14th Century
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Jacqueries
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Series of wars between England and France where all were fought on French territory in 1337 in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais
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The Hundred Years' War
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From about 1450 until 1485 England was beset by upper-class turmoil that was named because the opposing noble factions adopted red and white roses as their symbols
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War of the Roses
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The most extreme of all assertions of papal supremacy, issued by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302 which said that outside the Roman church there was no salvation and that "every human creature" was "subject to the Roman pontiff"
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Unam Sanctam
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Caused by Pope Boniface VIII where the rest of Europe regarded the popes at Avignon throughout the century as tools of France which caused the papacy to lose its prestige as a universal institution
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Babylonian Captivity
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Religious order who went through the streets, two by two, beating each other with chains and whips
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Flagellants
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English term in the 14th century for people who spread ideas of the poor being honest and the rich being corrupted with hypocrisy
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Lollards
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A poem written in 1360 by humble cleric William Langland which contrasted the sufferings of the honest poor with the hypocrisy and corruption in high places
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Piers Plowman
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During the early 15th century church counsels met at Pisa and later Constance to end threefold schism, extirpate heresy, and reform church members
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Conciliar movement
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A popular crime in the 15th century which involved buying or selling a church office
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Simony
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Cohabitation of a couple who are not legally married
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Concubinage
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Favoritism given to relatives and friends usually taking the form of employing relatives and appointing them to high offices
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Nepotism
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Encouraged by Pope Boniface VIII in the 14th century which said that a person who confessed, absolved, and truly repentant could be spared of the temporal punishments of purgatory by making a donation of money
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Indulgences
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Italian poet during the Italian Renaissance who wrote of the Divine Comedy.
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Dante
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Italian poet, scholar, and humanist who wrote Canzoniere, a collection of love lyrics during the Italian Renaissance
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Petrarch
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Writer during the Italian Renaissance who wrote the Decameron
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Boccaccio
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Italian humanist who became chancellor of Florence in 1375
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Salutati
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Italian humanist who wrote a history of Florence which was used for a practical political purpose
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Bruni
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An Italian founder of textual criticism who studied the Latin language historically and noticed that its characteristic words and expressions varied from one time to another who proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery
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Valla
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Italian political theorist who wrote the book The Prince which spoke of the achievement and upkeep of obtaining power by a un-moral ruler
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Machiavelli
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Italian sculptor known for his use of the Renaissance style with his lifelike figures like the statue David
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Donatello
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Italian painter during the Florentine Renaissance in the 15th Century who is known for his use of the human perspective
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Massacio
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Italian architect known for his work during the Florentine Renaissance whos greatest work is the dome of the Florence cathedral.
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Brunelleschi
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Artist during the Italian Renaissance who used a style that was less symbolic, less of abstract truths, and more of a portrayal of concrete realities
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Bellini
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Powerful family in Florence Italy which was founded by the fortunes of Giovanni whos son later became the unofficial ruler of Florence and later produced a long like of dukes and other royalty
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Medicis
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Grandson to Cosimo Medici who used his great wealth to govern but is mostly remembered as a poet, connoisseur, and benefactor of art and learning
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Lorenzo de' Medici
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Female writer during the Italian Renaissance who helped to spread humanist themes in France during the early fifteenth century and also showed that women could participate in intellectual debates
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Christine de Pisan
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Italian author who wrote a book of etiquette called Book of the Courtier in 1528
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Castiglione
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Inspiration for Petrarch who was admired for his common sense and commitment to political liberty and used his letters from 1345
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Cicero
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Textual critic who looked for truth not revealed in the Christian scriptures who claimed that he could summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses
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Pico della Mirandola
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French for "rebirth" which was the belief that people now after a long interruption had taken up and resumed a civilization like that of the Greco-Romans
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Renaissance
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Italian for "fifteenth century" when other fields of thought and expression were first cultivated
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Quattrocento
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A person trained in the arts and crafts during the Italian Renaissance
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Artisan
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The quality of being "man" during the Italian Renaissance
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Virtu
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The literary movement in Renaissance Italy which was written for a somewhat larger audience, used to written to deal with general questions, or to examine their own states of mind, or resolved their own difficulties, or used words to achieve artistic effects
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Humanism
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The view through which a person, especially an artist, sees the world or a subject
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Perspective
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Book of etiquette by Castiglione which spoke of the princely attitude that was necessary for young men and women
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Book of the Courtier
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the art of specialized literary uses of language in the poetic sense, including figure of speech
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Rhetoric
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During Renaissance Italy failed to sustain even this limited sense of loyalty between governments and their people
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City-states
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A German banking family that controlled more capital than any others in Europe
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Fuggers
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German sculptor and painter who incorporated the Italian Renaissance with northern European art
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Durer
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German painter whose religious works include pieces for the Augsburg Cathedral and the church of Saint Sebastian
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Holbein
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A humanist who chose to write in a "purified" and usually intricate Latin style who regarded the Middle Ages as benighted, ridiculed the scholastic philosophers, and studied deeply the writers of antiquity
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Erasmus
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English humanist writer of Utopia who refused to comply with the Act of Supremacy, which recognized Henry VIII's authority over the pope, and was imprisoned and executed for treason. His political essay speculates about life under an ideal government. More was canonized in 1935
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More
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Latin name of Johann Muller who laid the foundations for a mathematical conception of the universe who was the most influential scientific worker of the fifteenth century
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Regiomontanus
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A Rhinelander in the fifteenth century who was a churchman whose mystical philosophy entered into the later development of mathematics and science
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Nicholas of Cusa
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A mathematician in the fifteenth century who believed that the earth moved about the sun who was indeed a Pole
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Copernicus
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Latin for "Hohenheim" was a German who undertook to revolutionize medicine at the University of Basal whose wild prophecies made him a mixture of scientist and charlatan in the fifteenth century
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Paracelsus
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A celebrated German author and artist of the first part of the sixteenth century who was rumored to have sold his soul to the devil in return for knowledge and power
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Dr. Faustus
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Mystic author of the Imitation of Christ which was written in Germany in the fourteenth century and said that there was no need of reason, words, or worshiping with others
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Thomas a Kempis
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A lay preacher in the Netherlands who attracted followers by his sermons on spiritual regeneration and founded a religious sisterhood in 1374 which blended with a brotherhood and was called the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life which received papal approval
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Gerard Groote
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Used in northern Italy which studied the Hebrew and Greek texts of the bible and read the Church Fathers in both Latin and Greek in order to deepen their understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality
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Christian humanism
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A book by Thomas a Kempis which described the mysticism of the individual soul
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Imitation of Christ
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The belief of no need of reason, nor of words, nor of joining with other people in open worship, nor of the sacraments administered by the priest, nor even of the church and it focused on the spirituality of the individual soul
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Mysticism
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Very active in the Netherlands which was a religious movement where ministers preached to mass amounts of people
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Lay Religion
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Founded by a lay preacher, Gerard Groote, which gathered men and women to live communally without taking vows and to wear what they pleased and were free to leave at will. They helped the poor and worked as teachers who taught the Christian ideal of character and conduct
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The Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
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First taught by the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life which put emphasis on qualities like humility, tolerance, reverence, love of one's neighbor, and the conscientious performance of duty
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Modern Devotion
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First king of the Tudors who after gaining the throne by force, put an end to the civil turbulence of the Wars of the Roses and passed laws against "livery and maintenance" and used his royal council as a new court
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Henry VII
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King of England who succeeded his father Henry VII and whose divorce from Catherine of Aragon, made him break from the Catholic Church by the Act of Supremacy
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Henry VIII
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Queen of England in the early seventeenth century who reigned during the Renaissance in England known as the Elizabethan period, a time of great works of literature and war. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, although she never married.
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Elizabeth I
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King in France, of the Valois line, who continued to round out the French borders, build up a royal army, suppressed brigands, and subdued rebellious nobles
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Louis XI
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King of France who succeeded Louis XII whose reign was a landmark in cultural importance like making French the official language instead of Latin and established the first copyright laws
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Francois I
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King of Castile and Aragon who ruled with his wife Isabella which united Spain. They began the Spanish Inquisition and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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Queen of Spain who ruled with her husband Ferdinand which united Spain. They began the Spanish Inquisition and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492
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Isabella of Castile
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German leader who divided the Empire into administrative "circles" and was the author of the Habsburg family fortunes through his strategic use of royal marriages which gave the Habsburgs' a vast empire
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Maximilian I
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Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain as Charles I who summoned the Council of Trent
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Charles V
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First powerful dynasty of the New Monarch in England whose first king was Henry VII
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the Tudors
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Wars where the great English baronial families seriously weakened each other, to the great convenience of the king and the bulk of the citizenry
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the War of the Roses
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The powerful dynasty of the New Monarchy in France whose first leader was Louis XI and descendants ruled for many years
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Valois
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An agreement between King Francis I and Pope Leo X which rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction
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Concordat of Bologna
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Completed when the southern tip of Spain, Granada, was conquered from the Moors in 1492 whose annexation added to the heterogeneous character of the Spanish dominions
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Reconquista
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A line of rulers who came into power by using the resources of their hereditary possessions in Austria and by delicately balancing and bribing the numerous political forces within Germany who managed to be consistently reelected to the Holy roman emperorship in every generation who tried to introduce centralizing principles of the New Monarchy
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Habsburgs
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A former monk who developed the doctrine of justification by faith alone and criticized the Catholic Church and was eventually placed under ban of the German empire and created Lutheranism in rebellion from the Catholic Church
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Luther
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A German monk who was the antagonist of Martin Luther for claiming that indulgences would cleanse the peoples sins
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Tetzel
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A Frenchman who wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion which was written for the world who seemed to appeal human reason itself and who wrote in the severe, logical style of the trained lawyer who dealt firmly with theological issues and believed few had true grace
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Calvin
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Swiss religious reformer whose sermons on the absolute authority of the Bible sparked the start of the Religious Reformation in Switzerland
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Zwingli
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King of England who wrote the Defense of the Seven Sacraments and who prided himself of orthodoxy of the Catholic Church
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Henry VIII
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A statesman and humanist best known for his book Utopia was executed for treason after refusing to take the oath of Supremacy and was later canonized for sainthood
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Thomas More
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Daughter of Catherine of Aragon who was a devout Roman Catholic whose whold life had been embittered by the break with rome and who tried to re-Catholicize England but actually made Catholicism more unpopular with the English and in 1554 married Philip of Spain
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Mary Tudor
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Daughter of Anne Boleyn and succeeded Mary Tudor of England who made the English become Protestant and was unable to rule Catholics due to her Protestant faith.
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Elizabeth I
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The Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it and under the rule of the Archbishop of Canterbury
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Anglican Church
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Belief of Martin Luther which believed that what "justifies" a person is not what the church knew as "works" but "faith alone," and inward bent of spirit given to each soul directly by God
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"justification by faith alone,"
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Collection of Theses technically known as the Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences which spoke clearly of his religious beliefs
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95 Theses
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Place where Martin Luther was forced to appear for spreading heresy in Rhineland where was eventually placed under ban of the Empire
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Diet of Worms
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Formed against the German emperor which was created by a group of Lutheran princes and free cities which was supported by the king of France, Francis I
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Schmalkald League
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Provided the so-called Ecclesiastical Reservation that any Catholic bishop or other churchman who turned Lutheran in the future should not carry his territory with him but should turn Lutheran as an individual and move away leaving his land and its inhabitants Catholic
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Peace of Augsburg
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Book written by John Calvin in Latin in 1536 which appealed to human reason itself and dealt firmly, lucidly, and convincingly with the most basic theological issues where people in all countries who were unhappy with the roman church could find cogent expression of universal propositions which applied to their own local circumstances
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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Belief insisted by Luther that said god was somehow actually present in the bread and wine used in the service
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Consubstantiation
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Summary of beliefs of the Church of England which were written by the Church in 1563 where Clergymen were forced to subscribe by Parliament in the 1570s
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39 Articles
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Established Catholic church in England which incorporates principles of Protestant beliefs and separate from the papacy.
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Church of England
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A significant Pope who was protected by Charlemagne from his rivals in Rome and strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as King of the Roman Empire
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Pope Leo III
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Also called the Counter Reformation where cardinals met to discuss changes at the Council of Trent which shaped the destiny of modern Catholicism and sat at irregular intervals for almost 20 years
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Catholic Reformation
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Preferred term by Catholics for the reformation of the Catholic Church
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Counter-Reformation
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Meeting of Catholics where addressed itself to two kinds of labors, a statement of Catholic doctrine and a reform of abuses in the church, and declared justification to be by works and faith combine which enumerated and define the seven sacraments and declared priesthood to be a special estate set apart from the laity by the sacrament of holy orders
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Council of Trent
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