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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atom |
Smallest component of a substance that cannot be broken down. |
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Molecule |
A group of atoms bonded together |
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Chemistry |
Study of identification of matter, their composition and how they interact, combine and change. |
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Isotope |
Atoms with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, different atomic weight. |
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Chemical bonds |
Molecules held together because of valence electron attraction. |
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Ionic Bond |
Attraction between ions of opposite charge that holds them together to form a stable molecule. Important in biochemical reactions such as antigen-antibody reactions. |
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Covalent Bond |
Chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. (Stronger than ionic bonds.) Can be single, double or triple bonds. Most common bond in organisms. |
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Hydrogen Bond |
Bond in which hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom. They are weak. ie: H2O, Oxygen has strong nucleus pull, pulls in hydrogen. Serve as bridges between molecules. ie: proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Endergonic reaction |
Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases. (enter, into)
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Exergonic reaction |
Chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (exits) |
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Synthesis Reaction |
Two or more molecules form new larger molecules. A + B --> AB ie: Anabolism - Metabolic process that builds molecules the body needs. (amino acid + amino acid = protein) |
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Decomposition Reaction |
Splits large molecules into smaller molecules. AB --> A + B ie: Catabolism - Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules. (sucrose --> glucose + fructose) |
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Exchange Reaction |
Part synthesis, part decomposition AB + CD --> AD + BC ie: NaOH + HCl --> NaCl + H2O |
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Reversible Reaction |
A reaction that is readily reversible. A + B <--> AB |
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Inorganic compounds |
Lack carbon and generally small and simple |
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Organic compounds |
contain carbon and hydrogen and generally complex |
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4 Characteristics that water is useful for living cells |
1. Capable of forming 4 hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules. Strong attraction = great temperature buffer 2. Ice's crystalline structure less dense than water, great insulator on lakes/ponds for living organisms. 3. Polarity = good solvent. 4. Polarity makes it a key reactant in digestive processes of organisms, and synthetic reactions. |
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Acid |
Proton donor HCl --> H + Cl |
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Base
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Proton acceptor, releases OH
NaOH --> Na + OH |
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Salt |
Dissociates in water into a cation and anion (no H+ or OH-) NaCl -- > Na + Cl |
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Bacteria pH |
When culturing bacteria they excrete waste (such as acids), change the pH enough to inhibit enzymes and kill the bacteria, so pH buffers need to be added. (ie: K2HPO4 ) Most function best between 6.5 and 8.5 |
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Most common elements in organic compounds. |
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes: Sulfur Phosphorous |
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Carbon Skeleton |
Chain of carbon atoms |
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Functional groups |
The bonding of other elements to hydrogen and carbon that form groups that are responsible for chemical and physical properties of the compound. |
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Functional Groups: -Hydroxyl -Carboxyl -Amino -Sulfhydryl |
Hydroxyl(alcohols) are hydrophilic (water-loving), dissolve easily. Carboxyl, contain lots of hydrogen ions, tends to be acidic. Amino, readily accept hydrogen ions, thus a good base. Sulfhydryl stabilizes complex structures of proteins |
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Amino Acid Structure |
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Dehydration Synthesis/ Condensation Reaction |
When small molecules combine to form macromolecules (polymers of monomers), the reaction usually involves the loss of a hydrogen atom from one monomer and a hydroxyl from another forming water. R--OH + OH --R' ------> R -- R' + H2O |
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Carbohydrates |
- made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - large group of organic compounds, such as sugars and starches. - macromolecular carbs = food reserve - carbohydrate function = fuel cell activities with a ready source of energy. - 2:1 ration of hydrogen and oxygen atoms |
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Important carbohydrates uses |
Deoxyribose - building block of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Other sugars used for cell walls. Simple carbs used in synthesis of amino acids/fats used to build cell membranes, and other structures. |
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Monosaccharides |
Simple sugars that contain 3-7 carbon atoms. 3 - trioses 4 - tetroses 5 - pentoses (DNA) 6 - hexoses (Glucose) 7 - heptoses |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides bond through dehydration synthesis. |
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Isomers |
Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties. ie: Glucose and Fructose |
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Hydrolysis |
Dissaccharides are broken down into simpler molecules when water is added. ie: sucrose |
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Polysaccharides |
Tens to hundreds of monosaccharides, often have tons of branches, but different from mono and disaccharides because they are not sweet and usually are not soluble. ie: glycogen and cellulose, chitin. |
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Lipids |
- Essential to structure of membranes and function of energy storage. - Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. - non-polar (no positive/negative end) - Insoluble in water, dissolve readily in non polar solvents (ie: chloroform) |
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Fat |
A molecule of fat is formed when a molecule of glycerol combines with one to three fatty acid molecules, monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride. Each glycerol has three hydroxyl groups. |
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Saturated vs unsaturated |
Fatty acid chains with no double bonds are saturated (straight), double bonds are in unsaturated (kinks that keep them apart). |
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Cis vs trans fatty acid |
cis - When H atoms on either side of the double bond are on the same side. trans - When H atoms are on the opposite side of the double bond. |
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Complex lipid |
Contain elements such as phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur + carbon, hydrogen, oxygen found in simple lipids. |
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Phospholipid |
-Build membranes - Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids + one phosphate group (in place of third fatty acid) - Both polar (phosphate + glycerol) and non-polar (fatty acids) + hydrophilic and hydrophobic (think of cell membrane) |
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Steroid |
Four interconnected carbon rings, when connected to an OH group, it's called a sterol. (alcohol) important role in separating the fatty acid chains, to avoid hardening of plasma membrane in low temps. |
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Lipids |
1. Simple lipids 2. Complex lipids 3. Steroids |
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Proteins |
-Contain C, H, O, N (sometimes S) - Most abundant -Important role in structure, enzymes are made of proteins, transportation. |
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Amino Acid |
-Building block of protein. - Carboxyl group (-COOH), amino group (-NH2), attached to carbon (C), can have side group (R) - L-amino (found in proteins, except glycine) or D-amino (generally synthetic) |
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Peptide bond |
Bonds between amino acids. (For each bond made, a water molecule is released - dehydration synthesis) |
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Protein Structure Levels (4) |
1. Primary - Unique sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain 2. Secondary - Localized, repeptitive twisting or folding of polypeptide chain 3. Tertiary - Three-dimensional structure of polypeptide chain (not repetitive folding) 4. Quaternary - Combination of two or more polypeptide chains that operate as a single unit. |
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Denaturation |
When protein encounters a hostile environment, (ie: temperature, pH, or salt concentration), the structure unravels and renders the protein useless. |
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Conjugated proteins |
Proteins that contain other organic or inorganic components and are named based on the other component. ie: glycoprotein, contain sugar & nucleoprotein, contain nucleic acid |
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DNA vs RNA nucleobases |
DNA: A, T, G, C RNA: A, U, G, C |
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DNA |
- Double stranded - Nucleobases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine - Sugar molecule = deoxyribose, covalently bonded to phosphate group. -Carbon atoms in sugars are identified by 5', which makes them different than carbon atoms in bases. - Genetic information and coding. |
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Nucleic Acid |
Structural unit: DNA + RNA |
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Nucleotide parts |
1. Nitrogen containing base 2. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 3. Phosphate group |
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Purines & Pyrimidines |
Purines - Adenine, Guanine Pyrimidines - Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil |
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RNA |
- Single stranded - Sugar = ribose - Uracil (not thymine) - tRNA, mRNA, rRNA - role in protein synthesis |
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ATP |
-Stores chemical energy then provides energy for reactions that require it. - Consists of adenosine unit (adenine + ribose), three phosphate groups. |
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How ATP produces energy |
Adenosine-P-P-P+H2O --> Adenosine-P-P-P+Energy (adenosine triphosphate)--> (adenosine diphosphate + inorganic phosphate) ATP releases a large amount of usable energy when the third phosphate group is hydrolyzed and becomes adenosine diphosphate. This is reversible, whenever energy is required to store! |
