Chapter 2

Front 1

theory

Back 1

set of ideas about why and hwo things happen... used ot generate a hypothesis that can be tested.

Front 2

psychoanalytical theory

Back 2

s.f was founding father..human mind like like asubmerged iceberg holds only partially available to our awarenes.

Front 3

consciousness

Back 3

thoughts and feelings people know they have.

Front 4

unconscious

Back 4

contains unacceptable yrges, passion, ideas and feelins people cannot awknowldge,

Front 5

id

Back 5

where energy resevoir..sexual and agressive instincts. consists of individual biological heritage ...operates srticly on pelasure.

Front 6

ego

Back 6

rational system..ensures survivial and keeps person outof trouble. dishcarge of satisfaction of tension should be put aside until proper siutations arises.

Front 7

superego

Back 7

perfection rather than pleasure..moral aspect..persuades ego for realistic morals.

internal representation of societies values and ideals taught to children by parents through reward and punishment.

Front 8

oral stage

Back 8

pleasure linked in mouth and sucking

Front 9

anal stage

Back 9

pleasure linked to defecation (2)

Front 10

phallic stage

Back 10

3-6; gender identification takes place via oedipus complex and elextra complex.

Front 11

latency stage

Back 11

erotic impulses are repressed until puberty hits.

Front 12

genital stage

Back 12

puberty usher.. mature sexuality.

Front 13

Oedipus complex

Back 13

boys develope attachment to mother and desire to possess her sexually, see father as rival but identifies with father due to fear of beign castarted.. doesnt want to lose pensi because its hsi source of pleasure since female clitories is inferiour to male penis.

Front 14

penis envy

Back 14

woman want for a penis makes her resent her mother and leads her to the electra complex.

Front 15

electra complex

Back 15

part of freudian theory of gender identification:

afetr womans penis envy goes away enters electra complex..gives up wish for penis and instead replaces it with a wish for a child.; with this purpose takes father as love interest and mother as object of jealousy.

-relaizes she can neever posess her father..accepts pain and pleasure=female role therefore becoems a masochist. reestablishes feminine role and uses her primary source of self-esteem and identity (sexial attraxtiveness) to attract men.

Front 16

phallocentric

Back 16

centered on the male penis....freudian theory.

Front 17

gynocentric

Back 17

centered on the female womb..Horneys perspective

Front 18

sexualization+ devalution

Back 18

Part of karen horneys view of gender:

sexualization=a sexual approach to the child, an emotional "hothouse" atmosphere. most important part of woman is their sexuality)

devaluation: development of sense of inferiority.

Front 19

gender-role strain

Back 19

Joseph Pleck: study of negative aspects of masculine gender roles, not gender identity. masculine gender roles are contradictory and inconcistent makign it difficult for boys to settle into a comfortabel gender role.

Front 20

gender identity

Back 20

defined as individuals private experience of the self as female or male--powerful aspect of self-concept formed early on in childhood and resistant to change in adulthood.

Front 21

gender role

Back 21

set of behaviours socially defined as fitting for a specific sex.

Front 22

sexual orientation

Back 22

refers to a persons preference for sexual partners.

Front 23

social structure theories

Back 23

focus on why society supports men(to be strong) women (to be pretty) message, and emphasizes different social positions of men and women. two themes:power and status... division of labour.

Front 24

social dominance theory

Back 24

aims to explain that men are more social-dominance oriented (more interested than women in having their group dominate)

Front 25

social role theory

Back 25

men and woman are expected to have the qualities required to fit their normal tasks. women=motherly therefore nurturing and compassionate.

Front 26

evolutionary theories

Back 26

differences between men and women stressed the genetic bases for behavioral difference between the sexes...genes are why we are different.

Front 27

sociobiology

Back 27

emphasizes comparison of animal and human behviours and seeks evidence about how animals and humans have developed similar social behaviours in response to similar selection pressures.

Front 28

evolutionary psychology

Back 28

evolution of mind and mental abilities, focus on species typical adaption, and the eplicit acknowledgement that selection pressures produces tendencies, not necessity, to respond in particular ways. i.e. women more selective w/mate because have to suffer more therefore look for certain type of man, while men have no biological implications in birth therefore will sleep with anyone.

Front 29

biosocial theory

Back 29

focuses on interactive relations between the physical attributes of men and women and the social contexts in which they live.

Front 30

social learning theory

Back 30

suggest that children developes both gender identity and gender roles though modeling, imitation and reinforcement.

Front 31

social cognitive theory

Back 31

elaboration of social learning theory states.. although children intially learn gender roles thorugh external rewards/punishments, as they mature they begins to regulate their own internal rewards/punishments.

Front 32

group socialization theory

Back 32

peers are the mediators and interpreters of cultural views of gender.

Front 33

cognitive developemental theory

Back 33

proposes that gender like other concepts cannot be learned by a child until they have reached a particular stage of intellectual development.

Front 34

gender constancy

Back 34

occurs b/w age 3-5.

understanding that a persons gender is fixed and cannot be altered by a change in hairstyle, dress or name

Front 35

schema

Back 35

cognitive structure that guides and organizes way people process and make sense of information. two types gender schematic, and gender aschematic.

Front 36

gender schematic

Back 36

one with a strong gender schema, spontaneously sort people, regardless of their differences into masculine and feminine categories.

Front 37

gender aschematica

Back 37

individual with weak gender schema..unlikely to categorize ideas, behaviors,, and characteristics with one gender.

Front 38

gender schema theory

Back 38

Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture.[1

-Gender-associated information is predominantly transmuted through society by way of schemata, or networks of information that allow for some information to be more easily assimilated than others.

-argues that there are individual differences in the degree to which people hold these gender schemata.

-differences are manifested via the degree to which individuals are sex-typed.

Front 39

cumulative continuity

Back 39

process though which an individual selects and creates an environment that fits her or his preferred form of behaviour-- these seelcted environments in turn reinforce and sustain that behaviour. (shy kid chooses isolation,less social involvment makes the child less experienced in social situations, hence sustaining their shy behaviour)

Front 40

interactional continuity

Back 40

two way transaction b/w person and social environment. (i.e. aggressive child acts hostile creating a hostile reaction in which continues the hostility in the child in the future)

Front 41

interactive-model of gender related behavior

Back 41

-focuses on display of behavior rather than acquisition.

-built on idea that an individuals gender-related behavior in social settings are influenced by what others expect, individuals beliefs on his or herself, and situational cues.

Front 42

gender belief system

Back 42

-key concept in interaction model of gender related behaviours.

-set of ideas people have about gender including stereotypes people have about characteristics of women and women; attitudes they hold regarding social roles held by men and woman; views men and woman have about their own gender identity.

Front 43

alpha bias

Back 43

tendency toward exaggerating differences.

Front 44

beta bias

Back 44

inclination to ignore or minimize differences