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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Elements |
building blocks of all forms of matter |
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Ion |
An atom that gives up or gains electrons |
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Compound |
Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements |
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Inorganic compounds |
Small and usually lack carbon |
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Organic compounds |
Always contain carbon, covalent bonds, and usually contain hydrogen |
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Mixtures |
Combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds |
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Free radical |
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell |
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Antioxidants |
Inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals |
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Hydrogen bond |
Weakest bond |
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Covalent bond |
Strongest bond |
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Ionic bonds |
When electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another |
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Polar covalent bonds |
Formed when a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Weak attractive forces |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Can occur within molecules |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Can form between neighboring molecules |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Responsible for many of the unique properties of water |
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Potential energy |
Energy stored by matter due to its position |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy associated with matter in motion |
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Chemical energy |
Form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules |
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Synthesis reaction |
A + B = AB |
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Exergonic reaction |
A + B = AB + energy (ATP) |
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Decomposition reaction |
AB = A + B |
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Endergonic reaction |
AB + energy (ATP) = A + B |
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Exchange reactions |
Replacement of one atom or atoms by another atom or atoms |
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Reverse reaction |
End products can reverse to the original reactants |
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Turnover rate |
Average time between synthesis and recycling |
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Enzymes |
Proteins that function as a catalyst |
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Apoenzyme |
Protein portion in enzymes |
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Cofactor |
Non-protein portion of enzymes |
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Enzymes |
Lower the activation energy |
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Enzymes |
Affect only the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Enzymes (specificity) |
Catalyze only one type of reaction |
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Inorganic compounds in the body |
Water, acids, bases, and salts |
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Hydrogen bonds in water |
Why water molecules are cohesive |
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Polar covalent bonds in water |
Why water is such an excellent solvent |
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Electrolytes |
Can conduct an electrical current |
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Danger of acidosis |
Excess of hydrogen ions in body fluids |
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Effects of acidosis |
Break down chemical bonds to disrupt tissue function, changes the shape of large complex molecules rendering then non-functional |
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Role of water molecules in synthesis of polysaccharides |
Water is released in the dehydration synthesis of polysaccharides |
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Fibrous proteins |
Insoluble in water. Skin, muscle, blood |
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Globular proteins |
Soluble in water. Enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin |
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3 basic bonds |
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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Anion |
Negative. Gaining electron |
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Cation |
Positive. Lose electron |
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Factors influencing a chemical reaction |
Concentration, temperature, speed |
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Dehydration synthesis |
Reaction gives you water |
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Decomposition hydrolysis |
Water is required to break a molecule |
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Solution |
Solvent plus solute |
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Polysaccharides |
Largest carb in the body. Principle one is glycogen. Insoluble. |
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Prostaglandins |
Coordinate local cellular activities |
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Leucotrienes |
Allergic and inflammatory responses; injury |
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7 functions of protein |
Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense |
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Structure of an amino acid 1- amino acid 2- R group 3- carboxylic acid group |
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Levels of structural organization |
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
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1- primary 2- secondary 3- tertiary 4- quaternary |
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enzymes are what kind of catalyst |
Protein catalyst |
