Chapter 2

Front 1

phenotypes

Back 1

directly observable characteristics

Front 2

genotype

Back 2

the complex blend of genetic info. (cannot be seen)

Front 3

chromosome

Back 3

rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic info.

Front 4

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 4

chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance called DNA

Front 5

gene

Back 5

is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosomes

Front 6

mitosis

Back 6

a unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called mitosis. Mitosis results in 2 identical daughters cells.

Front 7

gametes

Back 7

sex cells -the sperm and ovum

Front 8

autosomes

Back 8

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs, called autosomes (meaning not sex chromosomes)

Front 9

meiosis

Back 9

gametes (sex cells) are formed through a cell division . they have half the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. meiosis produces 4 gametes (sex cells)

Front 10

zygote

Back 10

when sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting cell is called a zygote. (a fertilized egg)

Front 11

Dizygotic (Fraternal Twins)

Back 11

The most common type of multiple off spring, results from the release and fertilization of two Ova. (In two different sacks)

Front 12

Monozygotic (Identical Twins)

Back 12

They are in the same sack, and are made up of the same genetic makeup.

Front 13

Allele

Back 13

This is a form of a gene. Each form of a gene occur at the same place on the chromosome, one from mother and one from father.

Front 14

Homozygous

Back 14

If the allele from both parents are alike

Front 15

Heterozygous

Back 15

The allele differs, and it then depends on the phenotype.

Front 16

Dominant- recessive inheritance

Back 16

Only one allele affects the child's characteristics. Dominant affects and recessive has no affect.

Front 17

Carriers

Back 17

When heterozygous individuals (Dd) can pass that recessive allele to their children.

Front 18

Incomplete dominance

Back 18

A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediated between the two.

Front 19

X-linked inheritance

Back 19

When a harmful allele is carried on the X Chromosome. Males are more likely affected because their sex chromosomes do not match. Girl(XX) Boy(XY)

Front 20

Genomic Imprinting

Back 20

Alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, so that one pair member (mother or father) is activated , regardless of its makeup.

Front 21

Mutation

Back 21

A sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA.

Front 22

Polygenic Inheritance

Back 22

In which many genes influence the characteristic in question.

Front 23

Genetic Counseling

Back 23

Communication process, made to help couples better understand their chance of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder,and choose the best course of action.

Front 24

Prenatal diagnostic methods

Back 24

Medical procedure that permit detection of developmental problems before birth.

Front 25

Coparenting

Back 25

Mutually supporting each others parenting behaviors.

Front 26

Socioeconomic Status

Back 26

3 Variables: (1) Years of education. (2) The prestige of ones job and the skill required. (3) Income.

Front 27

Subcultures

Back 27

A group of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture.

Front 28

Extended family households

Back 28

In which three or more generations live together.

Front 29

Collectivist Society

Back 29

People define themselves as a part of a group and stress (group) goals over (individual) goals.

Front 30

Individualistic Society

Back 30

People define themselves as a separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs.

Front 31

Public policies

Back 31

Laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions.

Front 32

Behavioral genetics

Back 32

Is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities.

Front 33

Heritabiliy Estimates

Back 33

Measures the extent to which individual difference in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors.

Front 34

Kinship Studies

Back 34

Which compare the characteristic of family members.

Front 35

Gene- Environmental interaction

Back 35

People have a unique , genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences.

Front 36

Gene-Environment Correlation

Back 36

Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.

Front 37

Canalization

Back 37

The tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes.

Front 38

Niche- Picking

Back 38

This tendency to actively choose environments that complexment our heredity

Front 39

Epigenesis

Back 39

Means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.