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71 Cards in this Set
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Chemistry
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The scientific study of the composition of matter and how composition changes
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Chemical energy
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Energy produced during chemical reactions
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Electrical energy
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Energy produced by electrically charged substances
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Mechanical energy
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Kinetic energy energy in motion
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radiant energy
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Energy produced by the Sun
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Matter
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Anything that has weight and takes up space
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States of matter
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Solids liquids and gases
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Elements
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The fundamental composition of matter
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atoms
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The building blocks of elements that retain the elements properties and characteristics
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Protons
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A positive charge and is contained within the nucleus
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Neutrons
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Has no charge and is contained within the nucleus
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electrons
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Has a negative charge and orbits within the energy shells
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Atomic number
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Number positioned at the top of the elements on the periodic table. This number represents the number of protons
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Atomic weight
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The number positioned at the bottom of the element on the periodic table. The number represents the total number of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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The varieties of an element. Possess the same number of protons but very the number of neutrons
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Radioactive isotopes
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Very unstable and only become more stable as they decompose. Important in the medical field because they can be used to trace biological molecules, serve as tools for diagnosis and treatment
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Nucleus
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Central portion of the atom that has a positive charge
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Energy shells
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Orbits surrounding the nucleus. The first level that is closest to the nucleus can only hold a maximum of two electrons. When the shell is not complete the atom will be considered reactive. The other levels can hold multiples of 8 electrons.
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valence shell
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The outermost shell surrounding the nucleus
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Molecule
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Two or more similar atoms or components that chemically combine
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Compound
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Two or more different atoms that chemically combine
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Inert elements
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Elements that are stable and will not react. The outer shell is complete
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Reactive element
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Elements with unfilled outer shells. The atoms of these elements will react or chemically bond in order to fulfill the outer energy shell
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Reactants
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What is being changed. They yield or produce.->
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Catalyst
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Influence the rate of a particular reaction and leaves the reaction unaltered
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Synthesis
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Chemical bond is formed.
A+B--> AB |
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decomposition
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Chemical bond is broken
AB--> A+B |
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Exchange
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Chemical bonds are formed and broken
AB+CD--> AC+BD |
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reversible
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A+B <--> AB
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Ionic bonds
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When atoms bond and electrons are transferred during a reaction
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anion
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An atom that gains an electron and becomes a negatively charged ion
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cation
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An atom that loses an electron and becomes a positively charged ion
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Covalent bond
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When atoms bond electrons are shared among the atoms in the reaction
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Single bond
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When a pair of electrons are shared
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Double bond
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When two pairs of electrons are shared
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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When there is equal sharing of the electrons among the atoms
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Polar covalent bond
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When there is an unequal sharing of the electrons among the atoms. One end is slightly more positive and the other end is slightly more negative
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Hydrogen bond
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Weak chemical bond between the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule. These are easy to break
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Inorganic compounds
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Compounds that do not possess both carbon and hydrogen or either
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Water- inorganic compound
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Most abundant inorganic compound in the human body. It is a universal solvent. Transports chemicals nutrients wastes throughout the body. Absorbs and transport heat. Induces chemical reactions or metabolism
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Inorganic salts
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Compounds that are composed of oppositely charged ions. These are important metabolic functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction. Electrolytes are inorganic salts that release ions in the water
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Acids
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Electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions in water
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Bases
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Electrolytes that release hydroxide ion in water
PH level of 7 or more is considered to be basic |
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PH scale
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Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration released in water. The smaller the pH value the greater the concentration of hydrogen ion
PH of 7 is considered neutral PH of 7 or less is considered to be acidic |
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Buffer
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Chemical that resists fluctuations in ph.. These are important in maintaining the pH value of our bodily fluids.
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Oxygen
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Releases energy from nutrients to drive metabolism
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Carbon dioxide
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Waste product from metabolism that will be released into the air during exhalation
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Organic compounds
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Compounds that possess both carbon and hydrogen
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Carbohydrates - water soluble (organic compounds)
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Elements carbon hydrogen oxygen
Building blocks monosaccharide Complex carbohydrates disaccharides polysaccharides Functions main source of energy Examples fructose, glycogen |
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lipids - water soluble (organic compounds )
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Elements carbon hydrogen oxygen
Building component glycerol backbone fatty acids and phospholipids Types of lipids Natural fat or triglyceride(glycerol with 3 fatty acids) phospholipids (glycerol with 3 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group) steroid:complex ring structure Functions building living matter such as cell membrane, insulation Examples cholesterol omega-3 |
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Proteins - water soluble ( organic compounds )
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Most abundant organic substance in the body
Elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Building blocks amino acids Proteins are sensitive to the denaturing Functions structure contractile properties catalytic properties regulatory transport and immunological properties Example keratin actin myosin enzyme hemoglobin transferrin |
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denature
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Result in alteration of the physical properties and characteristics but does not affect the functional properties
Factors that can denature proteins Temperature radiation chemicals |
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Structural levels of proteins
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Primary - specific sequence of amino acids
Secondary - 2d folding of the protein - helix or pleated pattern Tertiary - specific way that the protein bends and fold on itself quarterary- specific way and location 1 protein binds to another protein. Hydrogen bond holds protein together |
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Nucleic acids - water soluable (organic compounds )
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Elements - carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus
Building blocks - nucleotides 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and one organic base(adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil Functions - blueprint of life, genetic information and coding for protein synthesis Examples DNA and RNA |
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DNA
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Double stranded - contains genetic material
The strands are held together by hydrogen bond at the organic bases Adenine pairs with thymine Guanine pairs with cytosine |
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RNA
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Is single stranded - contains the instructions for proteins
RNA is formed by base pairing to DNA adenine pair with uracil Guanine pairs with cytosine |
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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The chemical energy for cells to do work
Chemical energy is released by breaking the last phosphate in the chain of the ATP structure |
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Metabolism
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Series of reaction in our bodies that converts potential energy from the nutrients consumed into chemical energy, ATP
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epithelial tissue
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Highly organized and widespread throughout the body. It covers organs four of the inner lining of body cavities and the line hollow organs. There is always a free surface exposed to the outside or to an open space internally called the lumen. The underside of the tissue is anchored to a thin non living structure called the basement membrane. Beyond the basement membrane will be connective tissue and the rest of the Organ
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Squamous epithelial tissues
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flattened or squashed cells. The flat cells are very difficult to see. The nucleus is basically the only visible part of the cell
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cuboidal epithelial tissue
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Cube like cells. B cells may not appear to be perfect cubes and rigid, so keep in mind that these were once living cells that have fluid in them
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columnar epithelial tissue
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Column or rectangular cells. The nucleus of each cell is aligned roughly
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Simple epithelial tissue
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One layer of any type
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Stratified epithelium tissue
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More than one layer of cells
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Pseudostratified epithelial tissue
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One layer of column shaped cells that appear to be more than one layer but are not
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simple cuboidal epithelial
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nucleus, cubed shaped cells, lumen, basement membrane
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stratisfied cuboidal
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Nucleus, cubed shaped cells, basement membrane, lumen, layers
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simple squamous
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nucleus, basement membrane, lumen, flat or thin shaped cells
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stratisfied squamous
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Nucleus, layers, basement membrane, linen, flat or thin shaped cells
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simple columnar
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Nucleus, columnar shape cell, basement membrane, lumen
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pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar
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Nucleus,columnar shaped cells, goblet cells, Celia, basement membrane, false layer, lumen
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