Chapter 2

Front 1

Membrane Transport

Back 1

movement of substances into and out of the cell

Front 2

Cell Membranes

Back 2

selectively permeable; some substances can pass through but others cannot

Front 3

Two Methods of Transport

Back 3

Passive and Active Process

Front 4

Diffusion

Back 4

particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
movement is from high concentration to low concentration; or down in concentration gradient

Front 5

Simple Diffusion

Back 5

an unassisted process
solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores (fats, fat-soluble vitamins, oxygen, CO2)

Front 6

Osmosis (simple diffusion of water)

Back 6

highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins (water pores)

Front 7

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 7

substances require a protein carrier for passive transportation
transports lipid-insoluble and large substances (glucose)

Front 8

Four Primary Types of Tissues

Back 8

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

Front 9

Epithelial Tissues (Location)

Back 9

body coverings
body linings
glandular tissue

Front 10

Epithelial Tissues (Function)

Back 10

protection
absorption
filtration
secretion

Front 11

Epithelial Tissue

Back 11

cells fit closely together and often form sheets
apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane
avascular (no blood supply of their own)
regenerates easily if well nourished

Front 12

Simple Squamous Epithelial

Back 12

single layer of flat cells

Front 13

Simple Squamous Epithelial (location)

Back 13

usually forms membranes
lines body cavities
lines lungs and capillaries

Front 14

Simple Squamous Epithelial (function)

Back 14

diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

Front 15

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial

Back 15

single layer of cube-like cells

Front 16

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial (location)

Back 16

common in glands and their ducts
forms walls of kidney tubules
covers the ovaries

Front 17

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial (function)

Back 17

secretion and absorption
ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Front 18

Simple Columnar Epithelial

Back 18

single layer of tall cells
often includes mucus-producing goblet cells

Front 19

Simple Columnar Epithelial (location)

Back 19

lines digestive tract

Front 20

Simple Columnar Epithelial (function)

Back 20

secretion and absorption
ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Front 21

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial

Back 21

single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
often looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane

Front 22

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial (location)

Back 22

respiratory tract, where it is ciliated
mucus from goblet cells trap dirt and cilia push it away from the lungs

Front 23

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial (function)

Back 23

absorption and secretion

Front 24

Stratified Squamous Epithelial

Back 24

cells at the apical surface are flattened
layers of flattened cells

Front 25

Stratified Squamous Epithelial (location)

Back 25

lining of the skin, mouth, and esophagus

Front 26

Stratified Squamous Epithelial (function)

Back 26

a protective covering where friction is common

Front 27

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial

Back 27

rare in human body
found mainly in ducts or large glands

Front 28

Transitional Epithelial

Back 28

composed of modified stratified squamous epithelial
shape of the cells depends on the amount of stretching

Front 29

Transitional Epithelial (location)

Back 29

lines organs of the urinary system

Front 30

Transitional Epithelial (function)

Back 30

stretching and the ability to return to normal shape

Front 31

Gland

Back 31

one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous fluid

Front 32

Endocrine Gland

Back 32

ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels
all secretions are hormones

Front 33

Exocrine Gland

Back 33

Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
include sweat and oil glands

Front 34

Connective Tissue

Back 34

found everywhere in the body

Front 35

Connective Tissue (function)

Back 35

binds body tissues together
supports the body
provides protection

Front 36

Connective Tissue (characteristics)

Back 36

variations in blood supply:
some tissue types are well vascularized
some hove poor blood supple or are avascular

Front 37

Extracellular Matrix

Back 37

non-living material that surrounds living cells
two main elements:
Ground substances
fibers

Front 38

Collagen (white) fibers

Back 38

high tensile strength

Front 39

Elastic (yellow) fibers

Back 39

ability to stretch and recoil

Front 40

Reticular Fibers

Back 40

form internal skeleton of soft organs

Front 41

Connective Tissue Types

Back 41

bone (osseous tissue)
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
adipose tissue
reticular connective tissue
blood

Front 42

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 42

under voluntary control:
striated
multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
long, cylindrical cells

Front 43

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 43

under involuntary control
only located in heart:
striated
one nucleus per cell
cells are attatched to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

Front 44

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Back 44

under involuntary muscle
found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels

Front 45

Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells

Back 45

no visible striations
one nucleus per cell
spindle-shaped cells

Front 46

Regeneration

Back 46

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

Front 47

Fibrosis

Back 47

repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)

Front 48

Stages of Repair

Back 48

inflammation
granulation tissue forms
regeneration of surface epithelial

Front 49

Inflammation

Back 49

capillaries become very permeable
clotting proteins migrate into the area from the blood stream
a clot walls off the injured area
scab formed where clot is exposed to air

Front 50

Granulation Tissue forms

Back 50

growth of new capillaries (delicate pink tissue)
phagocytes get rid of clot and dead cells
rebuild collagen fibers (scar tissue)

Front 51

Phagocytes

Back 51

eat all the garbage in the would (pacman)

Front 52

Regeneration of Surface Epithelium

Back 52

scab detaches

Front 53

Tissues that Generate Easily

Back 53

epithelial tissue (skin and mucus membranes)
fibrous connective tissues and bone

Front 54

Tissues that Generate Poorly

Back 54

skeletal muscles

Front 55

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

Back 55

cardiac muscle
nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Front 56

Embryonic Development

Back 56

cells begin to specialize to form primary tissues

Front 57

Developmental Aspects of Tissues

Back 57

most cells (except nerve cells) continue to divide until the end of puberty
after puberty, skin and intestinal cells continue to divide
liver cells stop dividing but still can if necessary
aging process begins once maturity has been reached