Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
substances that cannot be broken down into other kinds of substances by ordinary chemical reactions
|
chemical elements
|
|
|
smallest unit of an element that retains all of the element's properties
|
atom
|
|
|
central part of atom, consisting of one or more protons and neutrons
|
nucleus
|
|
|
number of protons in the nucleus; determines element of atom
|
atomic number
|
|
|
number of protons and neutrons
|
atomic mass
|
|
|
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and atomic mass
|
isotopes
|
|
|
area in which electrons move at specific distances from the nucleus
|
electron shell
|
|
|
a link between 2 atoms that share a pair of electrons so that each atom has a stable, complete outer energy shell
|
covalent bond
|
|
|
a strong electrical attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion
|
ionic bond
|
|
|
how strongly the atom attracts electrons
|
electronegativity
|
|
|
a stable structure made up of 2 or more atoms that are joined by covalent bonds and so have stable, filled outer shells
|
molecule
|
|
|
electrically asymmetrical covalent bond
|
polar covalent bond
|
|
|
a weak to often transient elctrical attraction between 2 atoms bearing opposite partial electrical charges
|
hydrogen bond
|
|
|
shorthand way to show the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule, using symbols for elements
|
molecular formula
|
|
|
show arrangements of atoms and bonds as well as numbers and kinds of atoms
|
structural formula
|
|
|
consists of a solvent and solute
|
solution
|
|
|
substance doing dissolving, usually water
|
solvent
|
|
|
substance being dissolved
|
solute
|
|
|
proportion of one substance found in the total of a mixture of two or more substances
|
concentration
|
|
|
process whereby molecules of two or more substances move about and become evenlly mixed
|
diffusion
|
|
|
the change in concentration of a substance over a distance
|
concentration gradient
|
|
|
energy input required before a chemical reactin can proceed
|
activation energy
|
|
|
starting materials
|
reactant
|
|
|
ending materials
|
products
|
|
|
holding of different substances to each other
|
adhesion
|
|
|
holding together of like substances
|
cohesion
|
|
|
results from the cohesion of water molecules to one another by their hydrogen bonds
|
surface tension
|
|
|
movementof fluid into a narrow space because of attraction of the walls of the space for the moecules of the fluid
|
capillary action
|
|
|
takes a lot of heat to raise the temperature of water and much heat to be lost to lower temperature
|
thermal capacity
|
|
|
to come apart
|
dissociate
|
|
|
substance that releases hydroxide ions in water or one that accepts hydrogen
|
base (alkali)
|
|
|
substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by another positively charged ion
|
salt
|
|
|
measure of the concentraion of hydrogen
|
pH
|
|
|
substances that tend to keep the pH constant by taking up or releasing hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions
|
buffers
|
