Chapter 1:structure An Function Of The Muscular, Nervous, And Skeletal Systems

Front 1

this is the layer of connective tissue each muscle is surrounded by

Back 1

epimysium

Front 2

this is the term for a bundle of muscle fibers

Back 2

fasiculus or fasicle

Front 3

this is the connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle

Back 3

perimysium

Front 4

within a fasciculus this separates adjacent muscle fibers

Back 4

endomysium

Front 5

what is the technical term for the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?

Back 5

sarcolemma

Front 6

this is an electrical impulse received or conducted by a muscle cell

Back 6

action potential

Front 7

how many nuclei do skeletal muscle cells have?

Back 7

multiple

Front 8

what did skeletal muscle's multiple nucleation result from?

Back 8

embryonic fusion of during development

Front 9

what did skeletal muscle's multiple nucleation result from?

Back 9

embryonic fusion of single nucleus cells during development

Front 10

what are some processes associated with exercise skeletal muscle nuclei are responsible for?

Back 10

hypertrophy

Front 11

this is the watery solution found outside the nucleus in muscle cells

Back 11

sarcoplasm

Front 12

what does sarcoplasm contain?

Back 12

energy sources, organelles,

Front 13

this organelle is the site of aerobic ATP production

Back 13

mitochondria

Front 14

this organelle stores calcium and regulates the muscle action process by altering the intracellular calcium concentration

Back 14

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 15

this organelle stores calcium and regulates the muscle action process by altering the intracellular calcium concentration

Back 15

sarcooplasmic reticulum

Front 16

when does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium into the sarcoplasm

Back 16

when an action potential passes to the center of the cell through t tubules

Front 17

these are channels that form from openings in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell

Back 17

transvers tubules or t tubules

Front 18

these are columnar protein structures that run parallel to the length of the muscle fiber

Back 18

myofibrils

Front 19

what do myofibrils primarily consist of?

Back 19

myofiliments

Front 20

what are the two myofiliments?

Back 20

actin and myosin

Front 21

this is the thin myofiliment

Back 21

actin

Front 22

this is the thick myofilament

Back 22

myosin

Front 23

what does each myosin molecule consist of?

Back 23

head, neck and tail

Front 24

this portion of myosin is capable of attaching to and pulling on the filament

Back 24

head

Front 25

what energy source is used to perform the power stroke of myosin on actin?

Back 25

hydrolysis of ATP

Front 26

this connects the head of a myosin filament to the tail

Back 26

neck

Front 27

how is the neck of a myosin filament oriented?

Back 27

so the heads project outwards

Front 28

how is the neck of a myosin filament oriented?

Back 28

so the heads project outwards from the ends of the filament

Front 29

this protein acts to maintain the position of the myosin filament relative to actin

Back 29

titin

Front 30

this is what each actin filament is formed from

Back 30

individual globular or g actin protein

Front 31

what does each g actin have binding site for?

Back 31

myosin head

Front 32

this is what g actin proteins assemble into

Back 32

strands called f-actin

Front 33

what are the two proteins that regulate interaction between actin and myosin?

Back 33

troponin and tropomyosin

Front 34

this regulatory protein spans the length of seven g actins along the length of the actin filiment

Back 34

tropomyosin

Front 35

which regulatory protein lies over the myosin binding sites on actin?

Back 35

tropomyosin

Front 36

what is each tropomyosin attatched to at each end?

Back 36

troponin

Front 37

what happens when troponin binds with a calcium ion?

Back 37

causes the movement of tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites on actin

Front 38

this is the basic contractile unit of muscle

Back 38

sarcomere

Front 39

what does the sacromere extend from?

Back 39

one zline to an adjacen zline

Front 40

this provides the dark striation of skeletal muscle

Back 40

a band

Front 41

this is the area of a band that contains myosin, but not actin

Back 41

h zone

Front 42

this is the dark line in the middle of the h zone

Back 42

m line

Front 43

what does the m line do?

Back 43

helps align adjacent myosin filaments

Front 44

this spans the distance between adjacent myosin filaments and lie partly in each of two sarcomeres

Back 44

I bands

Front 45

this give muscle its light striation

Back 45

I band

Front 46

where does the communication between the nervous and muscular system occur?

Back 46

neuromuscular junction

Front 47

how many muscle fibers are connected to a neuromuscular junction

Back 47

only 1

Front 48

what is the most widely accepted theory of muscle action?

Back 48

sliding filament theory

Front 49

what is the sequence of events in the sliding filament theory?

Back 49

1)action potential moves along length of neuron
2)ach is released at axon terminal
3)ach moves across synaptic cleft
4) action potential generated along sarcolemma and into t tubules realeasing calcium
5)calcium binds to troponin causing change in troponin moving tropomyosin
6) muscle in rested state means energized myosin head
7) to release myosin head from actin requires fresh ATP

Front 50

when is a myosin head in a low energy state?

Back 50

when it is attached to actin binding site

what causes the release of myosin heads from actin binding sites?

Hint 50

fresh ATP