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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hypothesis
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a possible explanation for a natural event.
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experiment
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conducting a process to test a hypothesis; making further observations.
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deductive reasoning
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"if, then logic"; used in the experiment process.
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experimental design
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the manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment.
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control group/ control
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the object being tested that goes through all the steps of the experiment, but lacks the factor being tested.
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model
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representation of an actual object.
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data
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results of an experiment.
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conclusion
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statement made following an experiment as to wether or not the results support the hypothesis.
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scientific theories
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concepts that join together well-supported and related hypthesis.
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principle(law)
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a term sometimes used for theories that are generally accepted bby an overwhelming # of scientists.
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experiment(independant) variable
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the compnent being tested.
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dependant variable
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result or change that occurs when an experimental variable is utilized in an experiment.
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass (solid, liquid, gas).
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elements
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substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom.
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atoms
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smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element.
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atomic symbol
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1 or 2 letters that represent the name of an element.
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mass number
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sum of protons and neutrons.
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atomic number
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# of protons within the necleus of an atom.
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isotope
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an atom of the same element having the same atomic #, but a different mass # due to the number of neutrons.
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orbital
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particular volume of space where an electron is most apt to be found most of the time.
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octet rule
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outer shell of electrons is most stable when it has 8 electrons.
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compound
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the product of 2/more different elements bonding together.
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molecule
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the smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.
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ionic bond
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attraction between negatively and positively charged ions.(chemical bond)
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covalent bond
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chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons.
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nonpolar covalent bond
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bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal.
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polar covalent bond
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bond in which sharing electrons between atoms is unequal.
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characteristics of water
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high heat capacity. high heat evaporization. solvent. cohesive & adhesive. high surface tension. frozen water is less dense than liquid.
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hydrophilic
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molecules that can attract water.
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hydrophobic
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nonpolar molecules that cannot attract water.
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solution
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fluid(the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid(the solute).
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solute
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substance that is dissolves in solvent forming a solution.
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hydrogen ion
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hydrogen ion that has lost its electron and therefore bears a positive charge.
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hydroxide ion
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hydrogen and oxygen compound that has gained an electron therefore bears a negative charge.
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acid
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molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution & to lower its pH numerically.
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base
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molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution & raise its pH numerically.
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pH scale
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measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration.
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buffers
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substance/group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity & basicity.
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electronegativity
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the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond.
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tracer
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substance having an attached radioactive isotope that allows a researcher to track its where abouts in a biological system.
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organic chemistry
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chemistry of organisms.
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inorganic chemistry
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chemistry of the nonliving world.
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organic molecules
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molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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functional group
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specific combination of bonded atom that always react in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.
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isomer
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molecule with the same molecular formula but a different structure and therefore a different shape.
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polymer
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macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers.
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monomers
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small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer. example: glucose is a monomer of starch.
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dehydration reaction
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chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule.
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enzyme
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organic catalyst usually a protein that speeds a reaction in cells due to a particular shape.
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carbohydrates
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class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, & polysaccharides.
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monosaccharides
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simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by by hydrolysis.
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disaccharides
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sugar that contains 2 units of a monosaccharide. example: maltose.
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polysaccharides
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polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch & glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers.
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hydrolysis reaction
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splitting of a compound by the addition of water, w/ the H+ being incorporated in one fragment & the OH- in the other.
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glucose
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6 carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration.
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ribose
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a pentose sugar found in RNA.
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deoxyribose
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pentose sugar found in DNA that has one less hydroxyl group than ribose.
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starch
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storage polymer polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules in a linear with few side chains.
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glycogen
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storge polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches
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cellulose
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polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls
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chitin
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stong, flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton in bugs.
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lipid
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compounds that are insoluable in water due to their hydrocarbon chains, include fat and oils.
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glycerols
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3 carbon carbohydrate w/ 3 hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats & oils.
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fat
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organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue of vertebrates.
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oil
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triglyceride usually plant orgin that is composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids & is liquid in consistancy due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids.
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triglyceride
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natural fat composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids.
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fatty acid
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molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain & ends with an acid group.
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saturated fatty acids
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fatty acid molecule that lack double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum # of hydrogens possible.
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unsaturated fatty acid
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fatty acid molecule that has 1/ more double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chains. The chain bears fewer hydrogen than the maximum # possible.
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phospholipid
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molecule that forms the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes has polar, hydrophilic head bonded to 2 nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.
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steroid
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type of lipid molecule having a complex of 4 carbon rings. example; cholestrol, estrogen, progesteron, and testosterone.
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waxes
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sticky solid, waterproof, lipid consisting of many lon-chain fatty acid usually linked to long-chain alcohols.
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types of proteins
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suppor, enzymes, transport. defense, hormones, motion.
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proteins
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molecule consisting of 1/more polypeptides.
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hemoglobin
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iron-containing respiratory pigment occuring in vertebrate red blood cells in the blood plasma of some invertebrates.
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amino acid
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organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules.
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peptide bond
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type of covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids
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peptide
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2/more amino acids joined together by a covalent bond.
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polypeptide
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polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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fibrous proteins
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a structural protein that exist as helices/ pleated sheets that hydrogen bond to each other.
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globualr proteins
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proteins that tend to ball up in to rounded shape & have a tertiary structure.
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denature
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loss of an enzymes normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH & temp.
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chaperones
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molecule that binds to a protein during synthesis and keeps it from making incorrect interactions.
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nucleic acid
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polymers of nucleotides wiht very specific function in cells.
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DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
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genetic material that stores info regarding its own replication & the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein.
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RNA(ribonucleic acid)
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nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in 3 forms: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA (messenger, ribosomal, transfer).
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coenzymes
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nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.
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ATP(adenosine triphosphate)
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nucleotide w/ 3 phosphate groups. the breakdown of ATP in to ADP + P makes energy available for energy requiring processes in cells.
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nucleotide
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monomer of DNA & RNA consisting of a pentose bonded to a nitrogenous base & a phosphate group.
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complementary base pairing
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Hydrogen bonding b/w particular purines & pyrimidines in DNA.
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ADP(adinosine diphosphate)
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nucleotide w/ 2 phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group & become ATP.
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