Chapter 19 Science

Front 1

Who were the first people to study the stars?

Back 1

The Egyptians

Front 2

Astronomy

Back 2

The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space

Front 3

What two major ways does earth move through space?

Back 3

Rotation and Revolution

Front 4

The imaginary line that passes through earth's center and the North and South poles is?

Back 4

Axis

Front 5

What causes earth's day and night?

Back 5

Earth's Rotation

Front 6

What direction does earth turn

Back 6

To the east- the sun then appears to set in the west

Front 7

How long does it take earth to rotate once

Back 7

24 hours

Front 8

What is Revolution?

Back 8

The movement of one object around another

Front 9

What is one complete revolution or earth around the sun called?

Back 9

A year

Front 10

Earth follows a path or _____ as it revolves around the sun

Back 10

orbit

Front 11

True or False:
Earths orbit is circular.

Back 11

FALSE: It is slightly elongated circle or ellipse

Front 12

Why is it warmer along the equator than near the poles?

Back 12

Sunlight hits earths surface most directly near the equator and is less spread out

Front 13

Why does earth have seasons?

Back 13

Because the axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun

Front 14

What angle is the earth's axis always tilte

Back 14

An angle of 23.5 from the vertical

Front 15

Summer and Winter are caused by_____________

Back 15

Earth's tilt as it revolves around the sun.

Front 16

TRUE OR FALSE:
Earth is farthest from the sun when it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere

Back 16

TRUE

Front 17

When are there more hours of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere

Back 17

In June when the north end of Earth's axis is tilted toward the sun.

Front 18

When the sun is fartheset north or south of the equator this is known as a

Back 18

Solstice

Front 19

When does summer solstice occur each year in the Northern Hemisphere

Back 19

June 21. It is the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day of the year in Southern Hemisphere

Front 20

When does winter solstice occur each year in the Northern Hemisphere

Back 20

December 21. The sun is the farthest south of the equator. It is also SUMMER SOLTICE in the SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Front 21

When is day and night equal and about 12 hours long everywhere on the Earth

Back 21

Equinox- Neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from sun.

Front 22

When it is Summer in the the Southern Hemisphere it is _________ in the Northern

Back 22

Winter

Front 23

Who is Isaac Newton

Back 23

The first person to answer the questions "why the earth and moon don't floy off into space"

Front 24

What is FORCE

Back 24

A push or a pull

Front 25

What is GRAVITY

Back 25

A force that attracts all objects toward eath other

Front 26

What is the "Law of Universal Gravitation"

Back 26

Newtons's states that every object in the universe attracts every other object

Front 27

What unit is the force of gravity measured in

Back 27

Newtons

Front 28

What 2 factors does the strength of the force of gravity between two objects depend on

Back 28

The masses of the object and the distance between them

Front 29

What is MASS

Back 29

The amount of matter in an object

Front 30

What is WEIGHT

Back 30

The force of gravity on an object

Front 31

On the moon you would weigh about_________ of your weight on earth

Back 31

1/6. because the moon is much less massive than earth

Front 32

Gravity,Mass and Distance

Back 32

The strength of the force of gravity between 2 objects depends on their masses and the distance between them

Front 33

The force of gravity decreases repidly as______________

Back 33

Distance increases.

Front 34

What is INERTIA

Back 34

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

Front 35

What is Newton's first law or motion

Back 35

An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion with a constant speed and direction unless acted on by a force

Front 36

Why does Eath and the moon remain in their orbits

Back 36

Intertia and gravity combine to keep earth in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around the Earth

Front 37

If there were no ________ inertia would cause the moon to travel in a straight line

Back 37

gravity

Front 38

Who is Galileo Galilei

Back 38

in 1609 this Italian scientist built a telescope and observed the moon

Front 39

Maria

Back 39

The dark flat areas on the moon surface. Maria meens "seas". This was formed from LAVA flow 3-4 billion years ago

Front 40

Highlands

Back 40

light-colored features that cover much of the moons surface

Front 41

Craters

Back 41

Large round pits on the moon. Caused by the impacts of Mereroroids(chunks of rock or dust from space)

Front 42

True or False:
The moon has water and liveable atmosphere

Back 42

FALSE: There is no water or atmosphere on the moon

Front 43

True or False:
The moons surface has changed over the years.

Back 43

FALSE: There has been little change to the moons surface over billions of years

Front 44

What is the Earth's closest neighbor in space

Back 44

The moon

Front 45

Compared to Earth the moon is small and has large variations in its surface temperature

Back 45

this is just a fact.

Front 46

Moon facts: No atmosphere
Surface gravity is weak

Back 46

Temperatures are extremely hot or cold.
No water

Front 47

Temperatures on the moon vary so much because

Back 47

It has no atmosphere

Front 48

The moons surface gravity is so weak

Back 48

Gases can easily escape into space

Front 49

TRUE OR FALSE:
The moon has water on it

Back 49

FALSE: the moon has no liquid water

Front 50

What is the theory of the origin of the moon?

Back 50

Collision-ring Theory: Planet sized object collided with earth. The resulting debris formed the moon

Front 51

TRUE Or FALSE:
Compared to Earth the moon is larger and has a stable temperature

Back 51

FALSE: the moon is smaller and has a large variation in its surgace temperature

Front 52

What 2 ways does the moon move through space?

Back 52

The moon revolves around earth and also rotates on its own axis.

Front 53

How long does it take the moon to revolve and rotate around earth

Back 53

27.3 days for both. A "day" and a "year" on the moon are the same length.Because of this the same side of the moon always faces earth.

Front 54

What causes the phases of the moon, eclipses and tides?

Back 54

The changing relative positions of the moon, earth and the sun

Front 55

TRUE OR FALSE
The moon produces the moonlight that you can see

Back 55

FALSE: The moon reflects light from the sun.

Front 56

Does the moon give off light by itself?

Back 56

NO. You can see the moon because it reflects the light of the sun

Front 57

What are the different shapes of the moon you see from the Earth called

Back 57

Phases

Front 58

The moon goes through its whole set of _______ each time it makes a complete ________ around earth

Back 58

Phases
revolution

Front 59

What causes Phases

Back 59

Changes in the relative positions of the moon, Earth and the sun

Front 60

The phases of the moon you see depend on how much of the __________ side of the moon faces earth

Back 60

sunlit

Front 61

When does an eclipse occur

Back 61

When the moon's shadow hits earth or earth's shadow hits the moon

Front 62

Solar comes from the latin word

Back 62

sun

Front 63

Lunar comes from the laten word

Back 63

moon

Front 64

A solar eclipse occurs when

Back 64

The moon passes directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from earth> A new moon blocks your view of the sun.

Front 65

Umbra

Back 65

The very darkest part of the moon's shadow

Front 66

TRUE OR FALSE
Only the people within the umbra experience a total solar eclipse

Back 66

TRUE

Front 67

During the short period of a total solar eclipse the sky grows

Back 67

dark as night-even in the middle or a clear day. You can see stars and the solar corona

Front 68

A lunar eclipse occurs at a _________ moon

Back 68

Full. because the moon is closes to earth's shadow at that time

Front 69

During a Lunar eclipse

Back 69

The earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.

Front 70

TRUE OR FALSE
A total lunar eclpise can be seen anywhere on earth

Back 70

TRUE

Front 71

Are you more likely to see a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse

Back 71

Total lunar eclipse

Front 72

During a Lunar eclipse the earth blocks sunlight from________

Back 72

reaching the moons surface

Front 73

What are Tides

Back 73

The rise and fall of the ocean water that occur every 12.5 hours or so

Front 74

The water rises for about ___ hours then falls for ___ hours in a regular cycle

Back 74

6
6

Front 75

Tides are caused mailnly by?

Back 75

Differences in how much the moon's gravity pulls on different parts of earth

Front 76

TRUE OR FALSE:
The moon's gravity causes high tide on the side closest to the moon

Back 76

True

Front 77

TRUE OR FALSE:
Low tides occure between the tow high tides

Back 77

True

Front 78

TRUE OR FALSE:
Neap tide has the greatest difference between low and high tide

Back 78

FALSE:
Spring tide does

Front 79

Tides occur mainly because of

Back 79

Differences in the force of gravity between the moon and different parts of Earth

Front 80

TRUE OR FALSE:
The sun's gravity also pulls of Earth's water

Back 80

TRUE

Front 81

In a spring tide..

Back 81

The sun, moon and earth are nearly in a line during a new moon .The gravity of the sun and moon pull in the same direction. This makes tides with the greatest difference.

Front 82

Spring tides occurs

Back 82

Twice a month at a new moon and at full moon

Front 83

In a Neap tide

Back 83

the line between earth and the sun is a righ angle to the line between earth and the moon. The sun's pull is at a right angle to the moons pull. A tide with the least difference between consecutive low and high tides.

Front 84

Neap tides occur

Back 84

Twice a month

Front 85

Western calendar is also called a Solar calendar

Back 85

this is the calendar that we use

Front 86

Lunar calendar. This is about 11 days short of our solar year

Back 86

Used by Judaism and Islam.

Front 87

What are the 2 types of eclipse

Back 87

Lunar and solar

Front 88

TRUE OR FALSE:
The same side of the moon always faces the earth

Back 88

True

Front 89

What is a rocket

Back 89

A divice that expels gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction.

Front 90

Where were the first rockets made

Back 90

China in the 1100's

Front 91

Who is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Back 91

A russian physicist who first described how rockets work

Front 92

Who is Robert Goddard

Back 92

The American physicist who first BUILT rockets to test his designs

Front 93

Who is Wernher von Braun

Back 93

German who designed the V2 rocket that was built for WWII(WORLD WAR 2)

Front 94

A rocket move ____ when gases shooting out the back of the rocket push it in the _____ direction

Back 94

Forward
Opposite

Front 95

The movement of a rocket demonstrates

Back 95

A Basic Law or Physics: For every force or action, there is an equal and opposite force or reaction

Front 96

What is THRUST

Back 96

The reaction force that propels a rocket forward

Front 97

What is VELOCITY

Back 97

Speed in a given direction

Front 98

In order to lift off the ground a rocket must have more_____ thrust than the _____ force of gravity

Back 98

Upward
Downward

Front 99

What is Orbital Velocity

Back 99

Velocity a rocket must achieve to establish an orbit around Earth

Front 100

TRUE OR FALSE:
If the rocket moves slower than orbital velocity, earths gravity will cause it to fall back to the surface

Back 100

TRUE

Front 101

What velocity does an rocket need to escape Earth's gravity and fly off into space

Back 101

40,200km/h

Front 102

Who is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Back 102

He proposed the idea of Multistage Rockets in 1903

Front 103

What is the main advantage of a multistage rocket

Back 103

The total weight of the rocket is greatly reduced as the rocket rises.

Front 104

How many stages does a typical multistage rocket have

Back 104

Three stages.

Front 105

What was the most powerful rocket ever built

Back 105

The Saturn V in 1960

Front 106

The rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union over the exploration of space was known as

Back 106

The "Space Race"

Front 107

What is a Satellite

Back 107

An object that revolves around another object in space

Front 108

TRUE OR FALSE:
The moon is a natural satellite of Earth

Back 108

TRUE

Front 109

TRUE OR FALSE:
A spacecraft orbiting earth is a natural satellite

Back 109

FALSE it is an Artificial Satellite.

Front 110

What was the Sputnik I

Back 110

The first Artificial satellite sent by the Soviets.

Front 111

What was the Explorer 1

Back 111

The first United States satellite sent into orbit in 1958

Front 112

what is NASA

Back 112

National Aeronautics and Space Administration established by the U.S. in 1958

Front 113

Who is Yuri Gagarin

Back 113

First human in space sent by the Soviets. He flew one orbit around earth aboard Vostok 1 in 1961

Front 114

Who is Alan Shepard

Back 114

The first American in space in the Freedom 7

Front 115

Who is John Gleen

Back 115

The first American to orbit Earth . in 1962 aboard Friendship 7, He orbited earth 3 times before returning

Front 116

The American effort to land astronauts on the moon was named

Back 116

The Apollo program

Front 117

Who is Neil Armstrong

Back 117

The first Astronaut to walk on the moon in 1969 aboard the Apollo 11. Buzz Aldrin also was with him

Front 118

What is a space shuttle

Back 118

Spacecraft that can carry a crew into space, return to earth and then be reused for the same purpose

Front 119

A shuttle returns to Earth by landing like___________

Back 119

An airplane

Front 120

What is a space station

Back 120

A large artificial satellite on which people can live and work for long periods

Front 121

What is the International SPace Station

Back 121

in 1980 the US and 15 other countries began planning the space station for scientist to carry out experiments

Front 122

TRUE OR FALSE:
People have traveled to all the planets in our solar system

Back 122

FALSE> People have not yet traveled farther than the moon

Front 123

What is a space probe

Back 123

A spacecraft that carries scientific instruments that can collet data but has NO human crew

Front 124

what is a Rover

Back 124

A small robot that can move around on the surface of planets and analyze materials

Front 125

TRUE OR FALSE:
Astronauts experience weightlessness becasue they are falling around earth

Back 125

TRUE: At the altitude of the International SPace Station earth gravity is almost as strong as it is on earth surface. The space station is orbiting earth

Front 126

What would happen is the International Space Station were not moving sideways

Back 126

Earths gravity would pull it straight down to earths surface.

Front 127

What is one way that astronomers estimate that age of a region on the moon

Back 127

By counting the craters

Front 128

When the SOviet Union launched the satellilite Sputnik into orbit the United States responded by

Back 128

Speeding up its own space program

Front 129

What can gather data from distant parts of the solar system where humans cannot easily travel

Back 129

A space probe

Front 130

The sun reachers its highest point in the sky in the Northern Hemisphere during what month

Back 130

June

Front 131

People who stand in the moon's umbra, the darkest part of its shadow experience a

Back 131

Partial solar eclipse

Front 132

In early ideas about the moon, Who believed that the moon was perfectly smooth

Back 132

The ancient greek

Front 133

Sixteen countries have joined together to build

Back 133

The International Space Station

Front 134

One complete revolution or Earth around the sun is called a

Back 134

year

Front 135

Newton's law of universal gravitation stat that

Back 135

Every object in the universe attacts every other object

Front 136

The moon revolves around Earth once every

Back 136

27.3 days

Front 137

The phase of the moon that follows the waning gibbous is called the

Back 137

Third quarter

Front 138

What ws the first artificial satellite to reath earth orbit

Back 138

Sputnik I

Front 139

A large artificial satellite on which people can live for long periods is a

Back 139

space station

Front 140

Earth spinning on its axis is called

Back 140

rotation

Front 141

The force that attracts all objects toward each other is called

Back 141

gravity

Front 142

The tilt of earth axis as earth revolves around the sun causes

Back 142

seasons ( winter summer fall spring)