Chapter 19 Key Terms

Front 1

Columbian Exchange

Back 1

The exchange of plants, animals, disease, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

Front 2

Council of the Indies

Back 2

The institution responsible for supervising Spain’s colonies in the Americas from 1524 to early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities.

Front 3

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Back 3

A 16th century Spanish Dominican priest and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. As a settler in the New World, he was galvanized by witnessing the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists.

Front 4

Potosí

Back 4

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.

Front 5

Encomienda

Back 5

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Front 6

Creoles

Back 6

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non-native people.

Front 7

Mestizo

Back 7

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent.

Front 8

Mulatto

Back 8

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.

Front 9

Indentured servant

Back 9

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years.

Front 10

House of Burgesses

Back 10

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia created in 1618.

Front 11

Pilgrims

Back 11

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having loved briefly in the Netherlands.

Front 12

Puritans

Back 12

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

Front 13

Iroquois Confederacy

Back 13

An alliance of five N.E. Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes.

Front 14

New France

Back 14

French colony in N. America, with a capital in Quebec, founded in 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Front 15

Coureurs de bois

Back 15

Means runners of the woods, French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritages who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of N. America.

Front 16

Tupac Amaru II

Back 16

Member if Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780- 1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.