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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell type
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Anaplasia
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extending beyond normal tissue boundaries
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infiltrative
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having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
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invasive
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spreading to a secondary site
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metastasis
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mitosis
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replication of cells, two identical cells are produced from a parent cell
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RNA
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cellular substance that's important in protein synthesis
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Virus
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infectious agent that reproduces by entering host cell and using hosts genetic material to replicate itself
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Ultraviolet Radiation
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rays given off by the sun
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Chemical Carcinogen
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an agent that causes cancer ex. hydrocarbon, insecticide, hormone
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DNA
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genetic material within nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis
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Oncogene
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region of genetic material causing cancer, found in tumor cells or viruses
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mutation
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change in genetic material of cell
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Radiation
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energy carried by a stream of particles
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adenocarcinoma
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malignant tumor of glandular tissue
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osteosarcoma
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malignant tumor of bone
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benign
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noncancerous or good cancer
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differentiation
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specialization of cells
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neoplasm
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new formation
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papillary
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forming small nipple-like projection
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dysplastic or dysplasia
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abnormal formation of cells
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Carcinoma in situ
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localized growth of cells
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scirrhious
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densely packed, containing fibrous connective tissue
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alveolar
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patterns resembling microscopic sacs
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follicular
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small gland-type sacs
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undifferentiated
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lacking structures typical of mature cells
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inflammatory
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characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
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medullary
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tumors are large, soft and fleshy
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necrotic
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containing dead tissue
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fungating
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mushrooming pattern of growth
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ulcerating
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characterized by large open exposed surfaces
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cystic
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tumors from large open sacs filled with fluid
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verrucous
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tumors resemble wart-like growths
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polypoid
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growths are projections from a base (sessile and pedunculated)
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Fulguration
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destruction of tissue using heat -sparks
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en bloc resection
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removal of entire tumor with large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes
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incisional biopsy
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Cutting into tumor and removing a piece to establish diagnosis
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excisional biopsy
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removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure for small tumors
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Cryosurgery
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freezing a lesion
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cauterization
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burning a lesion usually by electricity
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pelvic exenteration
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wide resection involving tumor, organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the area of the hip
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relapse
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return of symptoms
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morbidity
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condition of being diseased, describing damage to normal tissue
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protocol
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detailed plan for treatment
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modality
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method of treatment
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remission
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disappearance of symptoms of disease
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adjuvant therapy
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assisting treatment, secondary treatment
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beta-HCG test
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test for presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, a marker for testicular cancer
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staging laparoscopy
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incision of abdomen to determine extent of disease
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CA-125
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protein marker test to detect ovarian cancer cells in blood
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estrogen receptor assay
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test for presence of hormone receptor on breast cancer cells
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Bone marrow biopsy
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removal and microscopic examination of bone marrow tissue
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needle biopsy
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aspiration of tissue for microscopic examination
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PSA test
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blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer
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CEA test
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blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen , marker for GI cancer
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Exfoliative cytology
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Cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined
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radiopaque
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obstructing the passage of x-ray
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radiolucent
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permitting the passage of x-ray
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sonographer
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aids physicians in performing ultrasound procedures
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radioisotope or radionuclide
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radioactive element that gives off energy in the form of radiation
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radiopharmecutical
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radioactive drug administered for diagnostic purposes
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ionization
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transformation of stable substances into changed particles
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radiologist
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a physician who specializes in diagnostic radiology
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nuclear medicine
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study of uses of radioactive substances in the diagnosis of diesease
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Contrast Studies
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radiopaque Substances are given and x-rays taken
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Cineradiography
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use of motion picture techniques to record x-ray images
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Positron Emission Tomography
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radioactive substance given by IV and a cross-sectional image is created of cellular metabolism based on local concentration of radioactive substance
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Ultrasonography
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echoes of high-frequency sound waves used to diagnose disease
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Fluroscopy
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x-ray beams are focused from body onto an image intensifier that glows as a result of the ionizing effect of x-ray
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Magnetic Resonance Imagine
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a magnetic field and radio waves are used to form images of the body
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Computed Tomography
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x-ray pictures are taken circulatory around an area of the body and a computer synthesizes the information into a computer axial picture
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Interventional radiology
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therapeutic procedures are preformed by a radiologist under the guidance of fluroscopy or untrasound
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in vitro
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process which something is measured and observed outside living organism
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in vivo
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process which something is measured and observed inside living organism
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radiopharmeceutical
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radioactive drug for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
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bone scan
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radioisotope is administered and scanned in bone
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myelography
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spinal cord
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pyelography
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renal pelvis of kidney and the urinary tract
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angiography
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blood vessels
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anthrography
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joints
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upper GI series
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esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
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cholangiography
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bile vessels, ducts
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barium enema
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lower gastrointestinal tract
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hysterosalpingography
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uterus and fallopian tubes
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imagine
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CT
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computed tomography
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CXR
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chest x-ray
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U/S
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ultrasound
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PA
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posterioranterior
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PET
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Positron Emission Tomography
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PACS
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picture archival and communications system
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DICOM
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digital image communication in medicine
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AP
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anterioposterior
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KUB
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kidney ureters bladder
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LAT
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lateral
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131 I
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radioactive iodine
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magnetic field and radio waves produce images pf the body in 3 planes, sagittal, coronal, and axial
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MRI
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Give characteristics of benign tumors
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1-grow slowly
2-are encapsulated, don't invade surrounding tissue 3-don't metastasize 4-are differentiated: resembles tissue of origin |
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Give characteristics of malignant tumors
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1- grow fast
2- invasive and infiltrative 3- they metastasize 4- anaplastic and undifferentiated:goes back to a mature state where you can't tell tissue of origin |
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microscopic descriptions: Alveolar
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resembling small microscopic sac
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microscopic descriptions: Carcinoma in situ
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localized tumor cells
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microscopic descriptions: Diffuse
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spread evenly around
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microscopic descriptions: dysplastic
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abnormal formation
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microscopic descriptions: epidermoid
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resemble epithelial cells
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microscopic descriptions: follicular
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gland type sacs
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microscopic descriptions: nodular
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lightly packed together
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microscopic descriptions: Papillary
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finger/nipple like projection
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microscopic descriptions: pleomorphic
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variety of shapes
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microscopic descriptions: scirrhous
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hard and densely packed
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microscopic descriptions: undifferentiated
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abnormal atypical shapes unable to tell tissue of origin
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classification of tumors:Carcinomas (Malignant)
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1- largest group of tumors
2- solid tumors derived from epithelial tissue lining internal and external organs 3- ex gastric adenocarcinoma= malignant glandular tumor of stomach |
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classification of tumors: adenoma (benign type of sarcoma)
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1- benign tumors of epithelial or glandular tissue
ex: gastric adenoma= benign tumor of stomach |
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classification of tumors: Sarcoma (Malignant)
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1- malignant tumors derived from CT (bone, blood, cartilage)
ex: osteosarcoma- malignant tumor of bone |
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classification of tumors: -Oma
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1- benign tumor of CT
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classification of tumors: Mixed Tumors
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1- tumors derived from tissue that's capable differentiating into both epithelial and CT
2- can be found in kidney, ovary and testes 3- least common type of tumor |
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Grade and staging of tumors are based on?
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location, appearance under microscope and metastasis
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Grade and staging of tumors: Grade I
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tumor are well differentiated and resemble the normal tissue of origin
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Grade and staging of tumors: grade II
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tumors are moderately differentiated, can still tell tissue of origin
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Grade and staging of tumors: grade III
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tumors are poorly differentiated, 50/50 chance of treatment working
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Grade and staging of tumors: grade IV
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Tumors are undifferentiated, cannot tell tissue of origin this is when they tell you how long you have to live.
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Grade and staging of tumors: Stage T
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size of tumor
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Grade and staging of tumors: Stage N
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number of lymph nodes involved
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Grade and staging of tumors: Stage M
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metastasis- has spread from 1 site to another
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Grade and staging of tumors: stage example
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T4 N3 M0= 4 cm 3 lymph nodes and hasn't spread
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Gross Description of tumor: Cystic
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filled with fluid
mucinous- filled with mucus Serous- Thin watery fluid resembling serum |
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Gross Description of tumor: fungating
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mushrooming pattern
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Gross Description of tumor: inflammatory
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red swollen and hot
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Gross Description of tumor: medullary
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large soft and fleshy
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Gross Description of tumor: necrotic
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dead tissue
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Gross Description of tumor: polypoid
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growth like projection
-sessile-extend from base -pedunculated- extend from stalk |
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Gross Description of tumor: ulcerating
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open exposed surfaces
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Gross Description of tumor: verrucous
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wart-like
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Alopecia
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baldness, usually permanent with radiation
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Fibrosis
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increase in CT in the lungs
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Mucositis
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inflammation, and ulceration of mucus membrane, in mouth, vagina, pharynx, bladder, large or small intestine
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Myelosurpression
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bone marrow depression, not making enough blood. Leukemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Nausea and Vomiting
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as reaction to radiation to the brain or gastrointestinal tract
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Pneumonitis
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inflammation of the lungs
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side effects in relationship to cancer: Xerostomia
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dryness of mouth, occurs after radiation to salivary glands
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define: apoptosis
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programmed cell death, normal cells undergo this when damaged or aging but some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis and live forever
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apo-
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off or away
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-ptosis
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to fall
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define: carcinogens
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agents that cause cancer
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define: infiltrative
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extending beyond normal tissue boundaries
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define: invasive
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having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
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define: modality
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method of treatment
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define: morbidity
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condition of being diseased
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define: mutation
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change in genetic material of cell
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define: oncogene
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region of DNA in tumor cells or viruses that cause cancer
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define: palliative
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relieving but not occurring symptoms
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define: pedunculated
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possessing a stem or stalk; characteristic of some polypoid tumors
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define: pharmacokinetics
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study of distribution in and removal of drugs from body over period of time
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define: protocol
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detailed plan for treatment
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define: radioresistant tumor
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tumor cells that require large doses of energy
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define: radiosensitive tumor
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tumor which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
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define: sessile
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having no stem, characteristic of some polypoids
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cachexia
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bad habit effecting health
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cac/o
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bad
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-hexia
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habit
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electrocauterization
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using electricity to burn tissue
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fibrosarcoma
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mass of fibers, or malignant tumor of fibrous CT
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