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160 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell type
Anaplasia
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries
infiltrative
having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
invasive
spreading to a secondary site
metastasis
mitosis
replication of cells, two identical cells are produced from a parent cell
RNA
cellular substance that's important in protein synthesis
Virus
infectious agent that reproduces by entering host cell and using hosts genetic material to replicate itself
Ultraviolet Radiation
rays given off by the sun
Chemical Carcinogen
an agent that causes cancer ex. hydrocarbon, insecticide, hormone
DNA
genetic material within nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis
Oncogene
region of genetic material causing cancer, found in tumor cells or viruses
mutation
change in genetic material of cell
Radiation
energy carried by a stream of particles
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of glandular tissue
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone
benign
noncancerous or good cancer
differentiation
specialization of cells
neoplasm
new formation
papillary
forming small nipple-like projection
dysplastic or dysplasia
abnormal formation of cells
Carcinoma in situ
localized growth of cells
scirrhious
densely packed, containing fibrous connective tissue
alveolar
patterns resembling microscopic sacs
follicular
small gland-type sacs
undifferentiated
lacking structures typical of mature cells
inflammatory
characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
medullary
tumors are large, soft and fleshy
necrotic
containing dead tissue
fungating
mushrooming pattern of growth
ulcerating
characterized by large open exposed surfaces
cystic
tumors from large open sacs filled with fluid
verrucous
tumors resemble wart-like growths
polypoid
growths are projections from a base (sessile and pedunculated)
Fulguration
destruction of tissue using heat -sparks
en bloc resection
removal of entire tumor with large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes
incisional biopsy
Cutting into tumor and removing a piece to establish diagnosis
excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure for small tumors
Cryosurgery
freezing a lesion
cauterization
burning a lesion usually by electricity
pelvic exenteration
wide resection involving tumor, organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the area of the hip
relapse
return of symptoms
morbidity
condition of being diseased, describing damage to normal tissue
protocol
detailed plan for treatment
modality
method of treatment
remission
disappearance of symptoms of disease
adjuvant therapy
assisting treatment, secondary treatment
beta-HCG test
test for presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, a marker for testicular cancer
staging laparoscopy
incision of abdomen to determine extent of disease
CA-125
protein marker test to detect ovarian cancer cells in blood
estrogen receptor assay
test for presence of hormone receptor on breast cancer cells
Bone marrow biopsy
removal and microscopic examination of bone marrow tissue
needle biopsy
aspiration of tissue for microscopic examination
PSA test
blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer
CEA test
blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen , marker for GI cancer
Exfoliative cytology
Cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined
radiopaque
obstructing the passage of x-ray
radiolucent
permitting the passage of x-ray
sonographer
aids physicians in performing ultrasound procedures
radioisotope or radionuclide
radioactive element that gives off energy in the form of radiation
radiopharmecutical
radioactive drug administered for diagnostic purposes
ionization
transformation of stable substances into changed particles
radiologist
a physician who specializes in diagnostic radiology
nuclear medicine
study of uses of radioactive substances in the diagnosis of diesease
Contrast Studies
radiopaque Substances are given and x-rays taken
Cineradiography
use of motion picture techniques to record x-ray images
Positron Emission Tomography
radioactive substance given by IV and a cross-sectional image is created of cellular metabolism based on local concentration of radioactive substance
Ultrasonography
echoes of high-frequency sound waves used to diagnose disease
Fluroscopy
x-ray beams are focused from body onto an image intensifier that glows as a result of the ionizing effect of x-ray
Magnetic Resonance Imagine
a magnetic field and radio waves are used to form images of the body
Computed Tomography
x-ray pictures are taken circulatory around an area of the body and a computer synthesizes the information into a computer axial picture
Interventional radiology
therapeutic procedures are preformed by a radiologist under the guidance of fluroscopy or untrasound
in vitro
process which something is measured and observed outside living organism
in vivo
process which something is measured and observed inside living organism
radiopharmeceutical
radioactive drug for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
bone scan
radioisotope is administered and scanned in bone
myelography
spinal cord
pyelography
renal pelvis of kidney and the urinary tract
angiography
blood vessels
anthrography
joints
upper GI series
esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
cholangiography
bile vessels, ducts
barium enema
lower gastrointestinal tract
hysterosalpingography
uterus and fallopian tubes
MRI
magnetic resonance imagine
CT
computed tomography
CXR
chest x-ray
U/S
ultrasound
PA
posterioranterior
PET
Positron Emission Tomography
PACS
picture archival and communications system
DICOM
digital image communication in medicine
AP
anterioposterior
KUB
kidney ureters bladder
LAT
lateral
131 I
radioactive iodine
magnetic field and radio waves produce images pf the body in 3 planes, sagittal, coronal, and axial
MRI
Give characteristics of benign tumors
1-grow slowly
2-are encapsulated, don't invade surrounding tissue
3-don't metastasize
4-are differentiated: resembles tissue of origin
Give characteristics of malignant tumors
1- grow fast
2- invasive and infiltrative
3- they metastasize
4- anaplastic and undifferentiated:goes back to a mature state where you can't tell tissue of origin
microscopic descriptions: Alveolar
resembling small microscopic sac
microscopic descriptions: Carcinoma in situ
localized tumor cells
microscopic descriptions: Diffuse
spread evenly around
microscopic descriptions: dysplastic
abnormal formation
microscopic descriptions: epidermoid
resemble epithelial cells
microscopic descriptions: follicular
gland type sacs
microscopic descriptions: nodular
lightly packed together
microscopic descriptions: Papillary
finger/nipple like projection
microscopic descriptions: pleomorphic
variety of shapes
microscopic descriptions: scirrhous
hard and densely packed
microscopic descriptions: undifferentiated
abnormal atypical shapes unable to tell tissue of origin
classification of tumors:Carcinomas (Malignant)
1- largest group of tumors
2- solid tumors derived from epithelial tissue lining internal and external organs
3- ex gastric adenocarcinoma= malignant glandular tumor of stomach
classification of tumors: adenoma (benign type of sarcoma)
1- benign tumors of epithelial or glandular tissue
ex: gastric adenoma= benign tumor of stomach
classification of tumors: Sarcoma (Malignant)
1- malignant tumors derived from CT (bone, blood, cartilage)
ex: osteosarcoma- malignant tumor of bone
classification of tumors: -Oma
1- benign tumor of CT
classification of tumors: Mixed Tumors
1- tumors derived from tissue that's capable differentiating into both epithelial and CT
2- can be found in kidney, ovary and testes
3- least common type of tumor
Grade and staging of tumors are based on?
location, appearance under microscope and metastasis
Grade and staging of tumors: Grade I
tumor are well differentiated and resemble the normal tissue of origin
Grade and staging of tumors: grade II
tumors are moderately differentiated, can still tell tissue of origin
Grade and staging of tumors: grade III
tumors are poorly differentiated, 50/50 chance of treatment working
Grade and staging of tumors: grade IV
Tumors are undifferentiated, cannot tell tissue of origin this is when they tell you how long you have to live.
Grade and staging of tumors: Stage T
size of tumor
Grade and staging of tumors: Stage N
number of lymph nodes involved
Grade and staging of tumors: Stage M
metastasis- has spread from 1 site to another
Grade and staging of tumors: stage example
T4 N3 M0= 4 cm 3 lymph nodes and hasn't spread
Gross Description of tumor: Cystic
filled with fluid
mucinous- filled with mucus
Serous- Thin watery fluid resembling serum
Gross Description of tumor: fungating
mushrooming pattern
Gross Description of tumor: inflammatory
red swollen and hot
Gross Description of tumor: medullary
large soft and fleshy
Gross Description of tumor: necrotic
dead tissue
Gross Description of tumor: polypoid
growth like projection
-sessile-extend from base
-pedunculated- extend from stalk
Gross Description of tumor: ulcerating
open exposed surfaces
Gross Description of tumor: verrucous
wart-like
side effects in relationship to cancer: Alopecia
baldness, usually permanent with radiation
side effects in relationship to cancer: Fibrosis
increase in CT in the lungs
side effects in relationship to cancer: Mucositis
inflammation, and ulceration of mucus membrane, in mouth, vagina, pharynx, bladder, large or small intestine
side effects in relationship to cancer: Myelosurpression
bone marrow depression, not making enough blood. Leukemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
side effects in relationship to cancer: Nausea and Vomiting
as reaction to radiation to the brain or gastrointestinal tract
side effects in relationship to cancer: Pneumonitis
inflammation of the lungs
side effects in relationship to cancer: Xerostomia
dryness of mouth, occurs after radiation to salivary glands
define: apoptosis
programmed cell death, normal cells undergo this when damaged or aging but some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis and live forever
apo-
off or away
-ptosis
to fall
define: carcinogens
agents that cause cancer
define: infiltrative
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries
define: invasive
having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
define: modality
method of treatment
define: morbidity
condition of being diseased
define: mutation
change in genetic material of cell
define: oncogene
region of DNA in tumor cells or viruses that cause cancer
define: palliative
relieving but not occurring symptoms
define: pedunculated
possessing a stem or stalk; characteristic of some polypoid tumors
define: pharmacokinetics
study of distribution in and removal of drugs from body over period of time
define: protocol
detailed plan for treatment
define: radioresistant tumor
tumor cells that require large doses of energy
define: radiosensitive tumor
tumor which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
define: sessile
having no stem, characteristic of some polypoids
cachexia
bad habit effecting health
cac/o
bad
-hexia
habit
electrocauterization
using electricity to burn tissue
fibrosarcoma
mass of fibers, or malignant tumor of fibrous CT