Chapter 18- Water, Electrolyte And Acid Base Balance

Front 1

two substances that are important in maintaining homestasis

Back 1

water
electrolytes

Front 2

electrolytes

Back 2

molecules that release ions in the water

Front 3

the amount of water entering the body must match the amount

Back 3

leaving it

Front 4

a human being is ____ water by weight and losing_____ of it can be fatal

Back 4

60%
1/5

Front 5

body fluids occupy

Back 5

compartments

Front 6

the average adult female is about _____ water by weight

the average male is about _____ water by weight

Back 6

52%

63%

Front 7

how many liters of water in the adult human body

Back 7

40 liters

Front 8

intracellular fluid compartment

Back 8

all the water and electrolytes that cell membranes enclose

63% by volume of total body water

Front 9

extracellular fluid compartment

Back 9

all of the fluid outside of cells

tissue spaces ( interstitial)
blood vessels ( plasma)
lymphatic vessels ( lymph)

Front 10

transcellular fluid

Back 10

cerebrospinal fluid
aqueous and vitreous humors ( eyes)
synovial fluid ( joints )
serous fluid ( body cavites)

37% by total volume of water

Front 11

extracellular fluids

Back 11

high concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium and bicarbonate

lesser concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate ions

Front 12

intracellular fluid

Back 12

high concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium ions

lesser concentration of sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate ions

Front 13

_________________ has a greater protein concentration than plasma

Back 13

intracellular fluid

Front 14

two factors that regulate the movement of water and electrolytes from one compartment to the other

Back 14

hydrostatic pressure

osmotic pressure

Front 15

hydrostatic pressure within the cells and surrounding interstitial fluid is

Back 15

equal and stable

Front 16

the sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid is

Back 16

high

Front 17

a decrease in extracellular sodium causes a net movement of water from the

Back 17

extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment

Front 18

water balance

Back 18

water intake equals water output

Front 19

how much water does the average adult intake

Back 19

2500 milliliters

Front 20

% of water intake from drinking

from moist food

by product of oxidative metabolism

Back 20

60

30

10

Front 21

water of metabolism

Back 21

by product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients

Front 22

primary regulator of water intake

Back 22

thirst

Front 23

where does the feeling of thirst come from

Back 23

osmotic pressure of extracellular fuids and thirst center

Front 24

where is the thirst center

Back 24

hypothalamus

Front 25

osmoreceptors

Back 25

in thirst center of hypothalamus

makes a person feel thirsty

Front 26

thirst is a _______________ mechanism

Back 26

homeostatic

Front 27

percentage of water output from urine

from feces

from sweat

lost from evaporation in the skin and lungs

Back 27

60%

6%

6%

28%

Front 28

the primary means of regulating water output

Back 28

urine production

Front 29

what are the effectors of urine regulation mechanism

Back 29

distal convuluted tubules of the nephrons

collecting ducts

Front 30

what increases the permability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Back 30

ADH

anti diuretic hormone

Front 31

diuretics

Back 31

promote urine production

Front 32

alcohol and narcotic drugs promote urine formation by

Back 32

inhibiting ADH release

Front 33

caffeine inhibits the reabsorption of

Back 33

sodium ions in the renal tubules

Front 34

electrolyte balance

Back 34

quantities of electrolytes the body gains equal to those lost

maintained by homestatic mechanisms

Front 35

a severe electrolyte deficiency may produce a

Back 35

salt craving

Front 36

dehydration

Back 36

water output excedes water intake

extracellular fluid is more concentrated and water leaves cells by osmosis

mucous membranes dry, body weight drops,

Front 37

treatment for dehydration

Back 37

replace the lost water and electrolytes

Front 38

water intoxication

Back 38

low blood sodium ( hyponatremia) due to excessive water intake

Front 39

edema

Back 39

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in the interstitial space

Front 40

edema is caused by

Back 40

hypoproteinemia ( low plasma protein)

obstructions in lymphatic vessels

increased venous pressure

increased capillary permability

Front 41

hypoproteinemia may result from

Back 41

failure of liver to synthesize proteins

kidney disease

starvation

Front 42

low sodium concentration

Back 42

caused by prolonged sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease

Front 43

high sodium concentration

Back 43

cause by excess water loss by evaporation or diabetes incipidus

causing confusion, stupor , coma

Front 44

low potassium concentration

Back 44

release of excess aldosterone by the renal cortex

cushing syndrome

Front 45

acids that ionize to release hydrogen ions more completely are

Back 45

strong acids

Front 46

ionize to release hydrogen ions less completely are

Back 46

weak acids

Front 47

bases release

Back 47

hydrogen ions

lower their own concentration

Front 48

chemical buffers

Back 48

bodies first line in defense against shifts in pH

floating around in fluids

may require several minutes

Front 49

physiological buffer systems

Back 49

respiratory and renal mechanisms

function more slowly

second line of defense

may require 1-3 days

Front 50

respiratory acidosis is from what

Back 50

-injury to the respiratory center of the brainstem

- obstruction of air passageways

-diseases that decrease gas exchange

Front 51

metabolic acidosis

Back 51

accumulation of non respiratory acids or loss of bases

Front 52

what factors effect metabolic acidosis

Back 52

kidney disease

prolonged vomiting

prolonged diarrhea

diabetes mellitus

Front 53

respiratory alkalosis

Back 53

from excessive loss of carbon dioxide and consequent loss of carbonic acid

result of hyperventilation

Front 54

what are the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

Back 54

light headedness
agitation
dizziness
tingly sensations

Front 55

metabolic alkalosis results from

Back 55

great loss of hydrogen ions or from a gain in bases

raise in pH of the blood

may occur after gastric drainage or prolonged vomiting

Front 56

what may develop as a result of ingesting to much antacid such as sodium bicarbonate

Back 56

metabolic alkalosis

Front 57

metalbolic alkalosis may result in

Back 57

decrease in the breathing rate and depth