Chapter 18 Vocabulary

Front 1

adrenal cortex

Back 1

Outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

Front 2

adrenal medulla

Back 2

inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and nonepinephrine

Front 3

ovaries

Back 3

Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progresterone secretion.

Front 4

pancreas

Back 4

Located behind the stomach. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas. The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intenstine to aid digestion.

Front 5

parathyroid glands

Back 5

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Some patients may have 3 to 5 parathyroid glands.

Front 6

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Back 6

Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenhypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurophypophysis). It weighs only 1/16th of an ounce and is a half inch across.

Front 7

testes

Back 7

Two glands enclosed inthe scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

Front 8

Thyroid gland

Back 8

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine.

Front 9

adrenaline (epinephrine)

Back 9

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Front 10

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 10

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); also called adrenocorticotropin. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex.

Front 11

aldosterone

Back 11

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.

Front 12

androgen

Back 12

Male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.

Front 13

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 13

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis). ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.

Front 14

calcitonin

Back 14

Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

Front 15

cortisol

Back 15

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.

Front 16

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Back 16

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure and dialates airways (sympathomimetic). It is part of the body's "fight or flight" reaction.

Front 17

estradiol

Back 17

Estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries.

Front 18

estrogen

Back 18

Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. Examples are estradiol and estrone.

Front 19

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 19

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenhypophysis). FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by testes.

Front 20

glucagon

Back 20

Secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose.

Front 21

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

Back 21

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.

Front 22

insulin

Back 22

Secreted by beta islet cells (Latin insula means island) of the pancreas. Insulin lowers blood sugar by transport and conversion of flucose to glycogen (starch).

Front 23

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 23

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in female and testosterone secretion in males.

Front 24

norepinephrine

Back 24

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic). Nor- in chemistry means a parent compound from which another is derived.

Front 25

oxytocin (OT)

Back 25

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.

Front 26

parathormone (PTH)

Back 26

secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.

Front 27

progesterone

Back 27

Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

Front 28

prolactin (PRL)

Back 28

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion.

Front 29

somatotropin (STH)

Back 29

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenhypophysis); growth hormone.

Front 30

testosterone

Back 30

Male hormone secreted by the testes.

Front 31

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

Back 31

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitarty gland (adenhypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning. Note: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.

Front 32

thyroxine (T4)

Back 32

Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.

Front 33

triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 33

Secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells.

Front 34

vasopressin

Back 34

Secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Front 35

catecholamines

Back 35

Hormones derived from an amino acid and Secreted by the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine is a catecholamine.

Front 36

corticosteriods

Back 36

Hormones (steriods) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).

Front 37

electrolyte

Back 37

Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functoning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium and electrolytes.

Front 38

glucocorticoid

Back 38

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response.

Front 39

homestasis

Back 39

Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.

Front 40

hormone

Back 40

Substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.

Front 41

hypothalamus

Back 41

Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.

Front 42

mineralocorticoid

Back 42

Steriod hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.

Front 43

receptor

Back 43

Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited.

Front 44

sella turcica

Back 44

Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.

Front 45

sex hormones

Back 45

Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.

Front 46

steriod

Back 46

Complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. Examples of steroids are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Ster/o means solid; -ol means oil.

Front 47

sympathomimetic

Back 47

Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic vervous system. Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways).

Front 48

target tissue

Back 48

Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.