Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Island Communities
|
The railroads linked widely separated cities and villages together and ended the relative isolation and self-sufficiency of them.
|
|
|
Credit Mobilier
|
A construction company controlled by an inner ring on the Union Pacific.
|
|
|
trunk lines
|
Four major railroad networks that emerged after the Civil War to connect the eastern seaports to the Great Lakes and western rivers. They reflected the growing integration of transportation across the country that helped spur large-scale industrialization.
|
|
|
railroad gauge
|
Ranged from 4 feet 8 1/2 inched, which became the standard gauge, to 6 feet.
|
|
|
J. Edgar Thomson
|
Built the fourth trunk line and was the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
|
|
|
Thomas Scott
|
Built the fourth trunk line, the Pennsylvania Railroad, with J. Edgar Thomson.
|
|
|
J. P. Morgan
|
Head of the New York investment house of J. P. Morgan and Company. The most powerful figure in American finance.
|
|
|
Cornelius Vanderbilt
|
The "Commodore"-- a crusty old multimillionaire from the shipping business. Owner of the third trunk line, The New York Central Railroad.
|
|
|
J. D. Rockefeller
|
At the age of 24 in 1863, he built the Standard Oil Company, one of the titans of corporate business.
|
|
|
Andrew Carnegie
|
Owner of the Carnegie Steel Company.
|
|
|
American Railway Association
|
Divided the country into four times zones and adopted the modern system of standard time.
|
|
|
George Pullman
|
Made the first railroad sleeping car suitable for long-distance travel.
|
|
|
Vertical Integration
|
A type of organization in which a single company owns and controls the entire process from the unearthing of the raw materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product.
|
|
|
Horizontal Consolidation
|
horizontal consolidation
|
|
|
Union Pacific and Central Pacific
|
Began simultaneously at Omaha and Sacramento in 1863 and ended on May 10, 1869, where the two lines met at Promontory, Utah, near the northern top if the Great Salt Lake.
|
|
|
Transcontinental Railroad
|
It chartered the Union Pacific Railroad Company to build westward from Nebraska and the Central Pacific Railroad Company to build eastward from the Pacific Coast.
|
|
|
Bessemer Process
|
Developed in the late 1850s by Henry Bessemer in England and independently by William Kelly in the United States, made increased steel production possible.
|
|
|
"Trusts"
|
A business-management device designed to centralize and make more efficient the management of diverse and far-flung business operations. It allowed stockholders to exchange their stock certificates for trust certificates.
|
|
|
Knights of Labor
|
Also known as the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor. Founded in 1869, this labor organization pursued broad-gauged reforms as much as practical issues such as wages and hours. They welcomed all laborers regardless of race, gender, or skill.
|
|
|
U.S. Steel Corporation
|
The first billion-dollar company.
|
|
|
AFL
|
Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1866, the AFL was a loose alliance of national craft and worked for a specific practical objectives such as high wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.
|
|
|
Henry Clay Frick
|
Carnegie's partner and manager.
|
|
|
Homestead Strike
|
In July 1892, wage-cutting at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Plant in Pittsburgh provoked a violent strike in which three company-hired detectives and then workers died.
|
|
|
Cyrus Field
|
Created the first telegraphic cable across the Atlantic Ocean from Queen Victoria to President James Buchanan.
|
|
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
A shrewd and genial Scot who settled in Boston in 1871.Invented the telephone.
|
|
|
Chinese Exclusion Act
|
Prohibited the immigration of Chinese workers for ten years.
|
|
|
Haymarket Riot
|
On May 4, 1886, a demonstration in Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest the slayings of two workers during a strike turned into a violent riot after a bomb explosion killed seven policemen.
|
|
|
Northern Securities Company
|
Oil company.
|
|
|
Pullman Strike
|
Beginning in May 1894, this strike of employees at the Pullman Palace Car Company near Chicago was one of the largest strikes in American history. Workers struck to protest wage cuts, high rents for company holdings, and layoffs; the American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. Debs, joined the strike in June.
|
|
|
George Eastman
|
Invented the Kodak camera.
|
|
|
Thomas Edison
|
Invented the phonograph and electricity.
|
|
|
Chain Store
|
An American term which spread across the country.
|
|
|
Mail Order Catalogs
|
Stores and companies started making catalogs with items of their products.
|
|
|
Rise in Advertising
|
The final link in the national market.
|
|
|
Muller v. Oregon
|
A case that set a precedent for protective labor laws and that expanded the definition of legal evidence.
|
|
|
Brandeis Brief
|
Presented only two pages of legal precedents, but contained 115 pages of sociological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women's health and thus on women as mothers.
|
|
|
Holden v. Hardy
|
The Court upheld a law limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries.
|
|
|
Lochner v. New York
|
Struck down a law limiting bakery workers to a sixty-hour week and ten-hour day.
|
|
|
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
|
Paralyzed railroads from West Virginia to California, resulted in the deaths of more than a hundred workers, and required federal troops to suppress it. Railroads cut workers' wages, leading to bloody and violent strike.
|
|
|
Upton Sinclair
|
Wrote the book, The Jungle, in 1906.
|
|
|
"The Jungle"
|
Book written by Upton Sinclair about the exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry.
|
|
|
Jacob Riis
|
A Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer.
|
