Chapter 18: The Industrial Society

Front 1

Island Communities

Back 1

Royal communities that are isolated from the rest of the country.

Front 2

Credit Mobiliter

Back 2

A construction company controlled by the inner ring on the central pacific.

Front 3

Trunk Lines

Back 3

Four major railroad networks that emerged after the Civil War to connect the eastern seaports to the Great Lakes and western rivers. They reflected the growing integration of transportation across the country that helped spur large-scale industrialization.

Front 4

Railroad Gauges

Back 4

Gauges are the distance between the rails, ranged from 4 feet 8.5 inches, which became the standard gauge, to 6 feet.

Front 5

J. Edgar Thompson

Back 5

Him and Thomas A. Scott built the fourth trunk line, the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Front 6

Thomas Scott

Back 6

Worked with J. Edgar Thompson on the fourth trunk.

Front 7

JP Morgan

Back 7

Head of the New York investment house of JP Morgan and Company.

Front 8

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Back 8

Owned the third trunk, the Central Railroad. A multimillionaire.

Front 9

JD Rockefeller

Back 9

A young merchant from Cleveland. He took over the New York Central and merged it with other lines to provide a track from New York City to Buffalo.

Front 10

Andrew Carnegie

Back 10

Born in Scotland, he worked in Pittsburgh as a bobbin boy in a cotton mill. Then worked in a telegraph office. He was a personal telegrapher for Thomas A. Scott. By the time he was 24 he became the divisional superintendent.

Front 11

American Railway Association

Back 11

An Industry trade group representing railroads in the US.

Front 12

George Pullman

Back 12

was an American inventor and industrialist. He is known as the inventor of the Pullman sleeping car, and for violently suppressing striking workers in the company town he created, Pullman.

Front 13

Vertical Integration

Back 13

the term vertical integration describes a style of management control. Vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need.

Front 14

Horizontal Consolidation (Integration)

Back 14

describes a type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets. Horizontal integration in marketing is much more common than vertical integration is in production. Horizontal integration occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm.

Front 15

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Back 15

UP-headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, is the largest railroad network in the United States. James R. Young is president, CEO and Chairman.
CP-is the former name of the railroad network built between California and Utah, USA that formed part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America.

Front 16

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 16

was a railroad line built in the United States between 1863 and 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad.

Front 17

Bessemer Process

Back 17

was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron.

Front 18

"Trusts"

Back 18

A business-management divide designed to centralize and make more efficient the management of diverse an far-flung business operations. It allowed stockholders to exchange their stock certificates for trust certificates, on which dividends were paid.

Front 19

Knights of Labor

Back 19

the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th Century. It was established in 1869 and reached a peak membership of nearly three-quarters of a million members by the middle of the 1880s.

Front 20

US Steel Company

Back 20

an integrated steel producer.

Front 21

AFL

Back 21

was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association.

Front 22

Henry Clay Frick

Back 22

a successful American industrialist and art patron, once known by his critics as "America's most hated man"

Front 23

Homestead Strike

Back 23

an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892

Front 24

Cyrus Field

Back 24

an American businessman and financier who led the Atlantic Telegraph Company, the company that successfully laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858.

Front 25

Alexander Graham Bell

Back 25

an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

Front 26

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 26

a United States federal law signed into law by Chester A. Arthur on May 8, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Front 27

Haymarket Riot

Back 27

a demonstration and unrest that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square[3] in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a bomb at police as they dispersed the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers.

Front 28

Northern Securities Company

Back 28

an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor

Front 29

Pullman Strike

Back 29

a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894.

Front 30

George Eastman

Back 30

founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.

Front 31

Thomas Edison

Back 31

was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

Front 32

Chain Store

Back 32

When department stores were turned into a national institution.

Front 33

Mail Order Catalogs

Back 33

A mean of selling that depended on effective transportation ad a high level of customer literacy.

Front 34

Rise In Advertising

Back 34

Let the people know more about their products and was a possible cause of the catalogs.

Front 35

Muller v Oregon

Back 35

This Supreme Court decision established special protections for working women, upholding an Oregon law that limited women working in factories and laundries to a ten hour work day.

Front 36

Brandeis Brief

Back 36

a pioneering legal brief that was the first in United States legal history to rely not on pure legal theory, but also on analysis of factual data.

Front 37

Holden v Hardy

Back 37

a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld a Utah state law limiting the number of work hours for miners and smelters as a legitimate exercise of the police power.

Front 38

Lochner v New york

Back 38

a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held a "liberty of contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a baker could work each week to 60.

Front 39

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Back 39

began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops.

Front 40

Upton Sinclair

Back 40

a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres. He achieved popularity in the first half of the 20th century, acquiring particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle.

Front 41

"The Jungle"

Back 41

a 1906 novel written by author and journalist Upton Sinclair. Sinclair wrote the novel to highlight the plight of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century.

Front 42

Jacob Riis

Back 42

a Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer