Chapter 18 Terms

Front 1

Papacy

Back 1

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Front 2

Renaissance (Europe)

Back 2

A period if intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a “rebirth” of Greco-Roman Culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid fifteenth century, and Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century.

Front 3

Indulgences

Back 3

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther’s protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.

Front 4

Protestant Reformation

Back 4

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the “protesters” forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.

Front 5

Catholic Reformation

Back 5

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Front 6

Holy Roman Empire

Back 6

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by and emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-1806.

Front 7

Habsburg

Back 7

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth century Spain.

Front 8

Absolutism

Back 8

The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks.

Front 9

Constitutionalism

Back 9

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal legislative checks.

Front 10

Balance of power

Back 10

International relation among major European states to prevent any to become too powerful.

Front 11

Bourgeoisie

Back 11

Well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, financing, commerce and allied professions.

Front 12

Joint-stock company

Back 12

A business that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks among many investors.

Front 13

Stock exchange

Back 13

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.

Front 14

Little Ice Age

Back 14

Century-long period of cool climate in the 1590s and ill effects on Europe agriculture were notable.

Front 15

Deforestation

Back 15

Removal of trees faster then forests can replace themselves.

Front 16

Witch-hunt

Back 16

Pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft.

Front 17

Scientific Revolution

Back 17

Intellectual movement (mostly about planetary movement and physics) that was the base for modern science.

Front 18

Enlightenment

Back 18

Movement that fostered belief that one could reform a society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were as scientific as the laws of physics.