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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From the lungs, O2 rich blood goes to the ______?
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Answer:Left atrium
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From the left atrium, blood goes to the ______?
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Answer: Left ventricle
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From the left ventricle, blood goes the ______?
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Answer: Systemic arteries
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From the systemic arteries, the blood goes to the body, then to the _______?
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Answer: Systemic veins
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From the systemic veins, the blood goes to the ________?
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Answer: Right Atrium
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From the right atrium, the blood goes to the ______?
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Answer: Right ventricle
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From the right ventricle, the blood goes to the ______?
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Answer: Pulmonary arteries
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From the pulmonary arteries, the blood goes to the ________?
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Answer: Lungs
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Three typical structures found in the heart wall?
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Answer: Intercalated discs, Nucelus, Cardiac myofibril
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What is the cell junction that keeps cells from separating during contraction called?
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Answer: Desmosone
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What is the passageway that allows ions to pass freely?
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Answer: Gap junctions
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What sets pace for entire pacemaker?
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Answer: SA node
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What is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricle called?
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Answer: AV bundle
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The path is from SA node to _______ to AV Node to _______ to bundle branches and finally to ______?
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Answer: internodal pathway, AV Bundle, Purkinje fibers
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What does the P wave represent?
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Answer: Atrial depolarization
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What does the QRX complex represent?
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Answer: Ventricular depolarization
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What does the T wave represent?
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Answer: ventricular RE-polarization
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What is a rapid sequence of electrical charges including depolarization followed by repolarization that once initiated, is self generating?
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Answer: Action Potential
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The sodium and calcium channels allow ions to _____ while the potassium allow ions to _____?
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Answer: enter, exit
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First sodium ions enter the cell, and after reaching the threshold, these ions come in changing it from negative to positive?
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Answer: calcium
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As repolarization occurs, sodium is pumped ____, and potassium pumped ____while calcium is actively is actively transported out?
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Answer: out, in
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What stores calcium in the contracile cells?
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Answer: Sacroplasmic Reticulum (SR)
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What is responsible for muscle contraction within the cell?
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Answer: Myofilaments
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What are the three phases of action potential?
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Answer:
1) Depolarization 2) Plateau 3) Repolarization |
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The entry of positive ions brings the membrane to potential and initiates what?
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Answer: Depolarization
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In the contractile cell, it is _____ ions that results in depolarization and not ______ ions? (this is opposite compared to the autorhythmic cell)
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Answer: sodium, calcium
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The phases of the cardiac cycle are?
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Answer: Ventricular Filling, Ventricular Systole, Isovolumetric Relaxation
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What is the contraction of the ventricles called?
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Answer: Systole
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What is the relaxation of the ventricles called?
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Answer: Diastole
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Blood flows passively into the atria through open AV valves and into the ventricles and is called?
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Answer: Ventricular Filling
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When the ventricles contract, AV valves close, and briefly ventricle valves are closed, and then blood is ejected is called what?
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Answer: Ventricular Systole
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Ventricles relax, blood backflows, closing semilunar valves - ventricles are totally closed off is what phase?
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Answer: Isovolumetric Relaxation
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(T or F) Both Atria contract at the same time and the ventricles contract at the same time.
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Answer: True.
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What is the amount of blood pumped out by EACH ventricle in one minute? (and what is the equation?)
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Answer: Cardiac Output
CO=heart rate x stroke volume |
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The number of times the heart beats per minute is called?
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Answer: Heart rate
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The amount of blood pumped by EACH ventricle with each heartbeat is called?
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Answer: Stroke Volume
(each ventricle average 70ml EACH) |
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SV=EDV-ESV
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Answer: stroke volume=end diastole MINUS end systole
(ie. 120-50=70ml) |
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What is a key factor in an increase/decrease in regulation of heart rate?
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Answer: Sympathetic(increases) or Parasympathetic (decreases)
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What effect does acetylcholine have on the heart? what about epinephrine?
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Answer: Reduces heart rate, increases heart rate
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What is the key factor regulating stroke volume?
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Answer: amount of stretching that occurs prior to contraction.
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If you lost a large amount of blood, what would happen?
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Answer: Heart rate would increase BUT volume decrease.
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Blood vessels are composed of 3 distinct layers which are?
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Answer:
Tunica Intima (endothelium) Tunica Media (smooth muscle) Tunica Externa (fibers) |
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How do Arteries, veins, and capillaries differ?
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Answer: Arteries=big Media, Veins=big externa, Capillaries=only Intima!
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What are the three groups of arteries?
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Answer: elastic, muscular, arterioles
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What arteries are closest to the heart and have the greatest amount of elastin?
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Answer: Elastic Arteries
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What experiences the greatest change in pressure?
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Answer: Aortic arteries
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Which has less elastin? Elastic or muscular arteries?
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Answer: muscular
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What are the smallest arteries?
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Answer: arterioles
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Where does the steepest drop in pressure as well as the greatest resistance to blood flow occur in?
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Answer: arterioles
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What is a short vessel that connects the terminal arteriole and postcapillary venule?
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Answer: Shunt
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What is a cuff of smooth muscle fiber surrounding the root of each true capillary, and acts as a valve to regulate the flow of blood?
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Answer: Precapillary sphincter
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What would high pressure do to capillaries?
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Answer: Rupture them since they are fragile.
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When capillaries unite they form?
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Answer: Venules
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What are hinge like flaps formed from folds of tunica intima that prevent backflow of blood to heart are what?
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Answer: Venous Valves
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What is the force that blood exerts against blood vessel walls is called what and measured in what?
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Answer: Blood Pressure, mmHg
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What is smooth, non turbulent flow of fluid which is faster in the center of a vessel and slower at the edges called?
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Answer: Laminar flow
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What represents the interruption of smooth flow due to brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve?
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Answer: Dicrotic Notch
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What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure called?
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Answer: Pulse pressure
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Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 of Pulse Pressure is what?
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Answer: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (the "average")
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What does constriction of blood vessels do?
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Answer: Raise blood pressure
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Vessel diameter is actively regulated by _____, sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the vessel's smooth muscle layer.
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Answer: Vasomotor fibers
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What three factors effect peripheral resistance?
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Answer: vessel diameter, viscosity, and length
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what 3 things can result in higher or lower blood pressure?
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Answer: peripheral resistance, CO (cardiac output), and blood volume
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What two basic mechanisms are there for regulating blood pressure?
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Answer:
Short term (diameter, rate, contractility) Long term (blood volume) |
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What does rising blood pressure cause to occur in the body for responses?
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Answer: Increased impulses to brain and stretching of baroceptors
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When there is increased impulses to brain/stretching of baroreceptors, what happens next?
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Answer: increased parasympathic, decreased sympathetic response
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In falling blood pressure, what occurs after the baroreceptors?
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Answer: decreased para, increased sympathetic response
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After the para/sympathetic response in FALLING blood pressure, what happens?
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Answer: Release of epinephrine/nonepinephrine, increased heart rate, vasoconstriction
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What monitors alterations in blood pressure in the kidneys?
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Answer: Granular cells
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As renin travels through the bloodstream (from kidneys), it binds to what?
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Answer: angiotensin
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As angiotensis I travels through the lung capillaries, it becomes what?
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Answer: angiotensin II
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What does angiotensin ii stimulate?
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Answer: Release of aldosterone
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What is an important component of long term blood pressure regulation?
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Answer: Aldosterone
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This stimulates the distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct to accelerate sodium reabsorption?
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Answer: Aldosterone
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Dehydration due to sweating, diarrhea, excessive urine will cause an increase in what?
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Answer: Osmolarity (and decrease in blood volume and pressure)
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When an increase in osmolarity is detected, the hypothalumus tells the pituitary to release what?
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Answer: ADH (antidiuretic)
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What is a short term effect of osmolarity?
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Answer: thirst, makes us want to drink water
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What is the process by which organs and tissues self-regulate blood delivery?
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Answer: Autoregulation
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As long as ________ is normal, various organs/tissues can regulate the amount of blood that enters them according to needs?
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Answer: Mean arterial pressure
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Blood flow regulation occurs at _____ and within ______ beds?
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Answer: arterioles, capillary
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What is a pore in the capillary that allows for freer passage of fluids/solutes between capillaries and tissue cells?
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Answer: Fenestrations
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What is a gap just large enough to allow limited passage of fluids between capillaries and tissues?
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Answer: Clefts
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What is a small membrane-bounded sac that ferries materials through cells?
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Answer: Cytoplasmic Vesicle
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How do MOST solutes move across the capillary wall?
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Answer: By diffusion
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water soluble solutes such as amino acids/sugars diffuse through the ____ and _____?
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Answer: fenestrations and clefts
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What is important in determining the relative amount of fluid in blood and tissue spaces?
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Answer: Bulk fluid flows
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What represents the balance between hydrostatic and osmostic pressure at the capillary beds?
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Answer: Fluid flows
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In capillaries, hydrostatic pressure is exerted by what?
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Answer: Blood (HP=blood pressure)
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Hydrostatic pressure is also called what?
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Answer: Filtration Pressure since it forces fluid out of capillaries
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In theory, Hydostatic Pressure (HP) in the interstitial fluid opposes HP where?
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Answer: tissue spaces
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What is the equation for Net Hydrostatic Pressure?
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Answer: Net=HP(capillaries)-HP(interstitial fluid)
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What is the "pull" on water exerted by large non-diffusible solutes like proteins is called?
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Answer: Osmotic Pressure (OP)
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Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid _____ and osmotic pressure pulls fluid ____ capillaries.
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Answer: out, into
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If net HP is higher than Net OP, where does fluid go (ie: 34-22=12mmHg)
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Answer: Fluid is pushed out
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