Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What 3 Processes result in the transformation of a zygote to an adult? |
1. Cell division 2. cell differentiation 3. morphogenesis |
|
|
Cell differentiation |
Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function |
|
|
Morphogenesis |
Physical processes that give an organism its shape |
|
|
What does it mean when a cell only expresses a fraction of its genes? |
They only produce mRNA for a small percentage of their genes |
|
|
How do cellular differences in gene expression arise? |
Unequal cytokinesis and different cytoplasmic contents |
|
|
Cytoplasmic Determinants |
Maternal substances in the egg that influence early development, distributed unevenly in cytoplasm of cell |
|
|
Another source of developmental information? |
the environment around the cell, especially signals from nearby embryonic cells |
|
|
Induction |
Signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells |
|
|
Myoblasts |
Progenitor cell that produces muscle specific proteins and forms skeletal muscle cells |
|
|
MyoD |
Master regulatory cell that produces proteins and commits cell to become skeletal muscle, |
|
|
What causes cancer? |
Mutations to genes that regulate cell growth and division |
|
|
Two types of genes associated with cancer |
1. Oncogenes 2. Tumor suppressors |
|
|
Oncogenes |
Cancer-causing genes |
|
|
Proto-oncogenes |
Corresponding normal cellular genes responsible for normal cell growth and division |
|
|
What are the 3 ways proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes? |
1. Movement of DNA within the genome: transcription may increase if it ends up near active promoter 2. Amplification of a proto-oncogene: increases number of the gene 3. Point mutations in the proto-oncogene or its control elements: cause an increase in gene expression |
|
|
Tumor-suppressor genes |
Genes that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth |
|
|
What do tumor-suppressor proteins do? |
Repair damaged DNA and inhibit the cell cycle in the cell-signaling pathway |
|
|
Cell Stimulating Pathway |
Mutations in ras gene can lead to production of hyperactive ras protein and increased cell division |
|
|
Ras protein |
a G protein that relays signal from growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade on a protein kinase. Cellular response is synthesis of protein that causes cell cycle |
|
|
Cell-Cycle Inhibiting Pathway |
Mutations in the p53 gene prevent suppression of the cell cycle |
|
|
p53 |
protein that prevents a cell from passing on mutations due to DNA damage |
|
|
What gene(s) is usually mutated in the case of breast cancer? |
BRCA1 or BRCA2 |
