Chapter 17 Vocabulary Words:

Front 1

Great Plains:

Back 1

The Great Plains is treeless, nearly flat, an endless "sea of grassy hillocks" extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

Front 2

"Crowd Nobody" :

Back 2

Greeley urged New Yorkers to move West and "crowd nobody". Greeley ignored the fact that large numbers of people already lived there. At the close of the Civil War, Native Americans inhabitied nearly half the U.S. They had been driven onto smaller and smaller reservations and were no longer an independent people by 1880. About a decade later their culture had even crumbled under the impact of white domination.

Front 3

"Indian Country" :

Back 3

Americans used the land west of the Mississippi as one big reservation before the Civil War. The gorvernment had decided to name that area "Indian Country", moved eastern tribes there with firm treaty guarantees, and passed the Indian Intercourse Act in 1834. The Indian Intercourse Act prohibited any white person from entering Indian country without a license.

Front 4

Chivington Massacre:

Back 4

Early on the morning of November 29, 1864, a group of Colorado militia led by Colonel John M. Chivington attacked the sleeping group.Black Kettle tried to stop the ambush, raising first an American flag and then a white flag. Neither of those worked. The Native American men, women, and children were clubbed, stabbed, and scalped. The Chivington Massacre set off angry protests in Colorado and the East.

Front 5

Red Cloud:

Back 5

Red Cloud was the Sioux Chief and was very determined to stop the trail that was going through the heart of the Sioux hunting grounds in Montana. In December 1866, Red cloud lured the incautious Fetterman deep into the wilderness, ambushed him, and wiped out all eighty-two soldiers in his command.

Front 6

Fetterman Massacre:

Back 6

The Fetterman Massacre, that came so soon after the Chivington Massacr, sparked like a public debate over the nation's Indian policy. The debate reflected differing white views of the Native Americans.

Front 7

Buffalo Soldiers:

Back 7

African American cavalrymen on the western frontier.

Front 8

Red River War:

Back 8

In the late 1868, warfare broke out again and it took more than a decade of violence to beat the Indians into submission. The Kiowa and Comanche rampaged through the Texas Panhandle, looting and killing, until the U.S army, including the buffalo soldiers, crushed them in the Red River War of 1874-1875 and ended warfare in the Southwest.

Front 9

Sitting Bull:

Back 9

The famous medicine man.

Front 10

Crazy Horse:

Back 10

The great war chief.

Front 11

George Armstrong Custer:

Back 11

George Armstrong Custer was a Lieutenant Colonel that pushed recklessly ahead and was eager to claim the victory.

Front 12

Seventh Cavalry:

Back 12

The seventh cavalry was Custer's old regiment. Troops of the Seventh Cavalry caught up with Big Foot's band and took them to the army camp on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota.

Front 13

Nez Perce Tribe:

Back 13

The Nez Perce tribe of Oregon rebelled against government policy in 1877.

Front 14

Chief Joseph:

Back 14

Chief Joseph led the tribe on a courageous flight lasting 75 days and covering 1321 miles. They defeated the pursuing army at every turn but then rn out of food, horses and ammunition. They surrendered and were sent to barren lands in the Indian Country of Oklahoma and when they were there, most of them died from disease.

Front 15

Wovoka:

Back 15

Paiute messiah. He said that the "ghost dances" would bring back Native American lands and would cause the whites to disappear. He believed that all Native Americans would reunite, the earth would be covered with dust, and a new earth would come upon the old. The vanished buffalo would return in great herds.

Front 16

Ghost Dance:

Back 16

Ghost Dances were a set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of Paiute messiah named Wovoka.

Front 17

Wounded Knee Massacre:

Back 17

Troops of the Seventh Cavalry took them to the army camp on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota and a Native American fired the first shot returned by the army's new machine guns. Firing a shell a second time, they shredded tepees and people. In the infamous Wounded Knee Massacre, about two hundred men, women, and children were killed in the snow.

Front 18

Assimilation:

Back 18

Is a process where the white's wanted to use education, land policy, and federal law to eradicate tribal society.

Front 19

Court of Indian Offenses:

Back 19

To try native americans who broke government rules, and soon there after it made them answerable in regular courts for certain crimes.

Front 20

Dawes Severalty Act:

Back 20

Congress decided to give each native american a farm in 1887.

Front 21

Extermination of the Buffalo:

Back 21

The final blow to tribal life came in the extermination of the buffalo. Settlers realized that they could hurt the indians, but hurting the buffalo.

Front 22

Buffalo Bill Cody:

Back 22

A professional hunter who swarmed across the Plains, killing millions of the buffalo.

Front 23

Gold Rush of 1849:

Back 23

The first movement west aimed for California and Oregon on the continents far shore.

Front 24

Overland Trail:

Back 24

The next three decades, as many as half a million individuals made the long journey over the Overland Trail.

Front 25

Homestead Act of 1862:

Back 25

The government gave away 48 million acres and sold about 100 million acres to private citizens and corporation and 128 million acres to railroad companies.

Front 26

Timber Culture Act of 1873:

Back 26

Allowed homesteadiers to claim an additional 160 acres if they planted trees on a quarter of it within 4 years

Front 27

Timber and Stone act of 1878:

Back 27

Permitted anyone in california, nevada, oregon, and washington to buy up to 160 acres of forest land for 2.50 an acre.

Front 28

NATIONAL RECLAMATION ACT:

Back 28

put aside most of the proceeds from the sale public lands in 16 western states to finance irrigation products in the arrid states.

Front 29

"HYDRAULIC" SOCIETY:

Back 29

where dams, canals, and irrigation systems channeled water into dry areas.

Front 30

ROMUALDO PACHECO:

Back 30

an aristocratic native son who served as a gorvernor of California and went on to congress.

Front 31

LAS GORRAS BLANCAS:

Back 31

a secret organization of spanish americans that attacked the movement of anglo ranchers into the las vegas community land grant.

Front 32

"INSTANT CITIES":

Back 32

people moved following river bottoms, gold strikes, railroad tracks, and other opportunities.

Front 33

placer mining:

Back 33

a process they used to get gold.

Front 34

comstock lode:

Back 34

henry t.p comstock talked his way into the claim, and word of the comstock lode, with ore worth $3876 a ton - flashed over the mountains.

Front 35

chinese exclusion act:

Back 35

suspended immigration of chinese laborors for ten years. Number of chinese in the united states fell drastically.

Front 36

foreign miners tax:

Back 36

charged foreign miners a twenty dollar monthly licensing fee. it drove out mexicans.

Front 37

vaqueros:

Back 37

mexican counterparts.

Front 38

WYOMING STOCK GROWERS ASSOCIATION:

Back 38

its reach extended well beyond wyoming into colorado, nebraska, montana, and the dakotas. it was the largest association. it was made to enforce rancher rules.

Front 39

EXODUSTERS:

Back 39

6 thousand african americans that left their homes in louisiana, mississippi, and texas to establish new and freer lives in kansas.

Front 40

dry farming:

Back 40

a new technique that helped conpensate for the lack of rainfall.

Front 41

national grange:

Back 41

it provided social, cultural, and educational activites for its members.

Front 42

bonanza farms:

Back 42

captured the countrys imagination.

Front 43

turners thesis:

Back 43

it shaped customs and character, gave rise to independence, self-confidence, and individualism and fostered invention and adaptation.