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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Great Plains:
The Great Plains is treeless, nearly flat, an endless "sea of grassy hillocks" extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
"Crowd Nobody":
When Greely urged New Yorkers to West and "crowd nobody", he-like almost all white Americans-ignored the fact that the large numbers of people already lived there. At the close of the Civil War, Native Americans inhabited nearly half the United States. They had been drivem onto smaller and smaller reservations and were no longer an independent people by 1800. A decade later, even thier culture had crumbled under the impact of white domination.
"Indian Country":
Americans used the land west of the Mississippi as "one big reservation." The government named the area "Indian Country", moved eastern tribes there with firm treaty gaurantees, and in 1834 oassed the Indian Intercourse Act, which prohibited any white person from entering Indian Country without a license.
Chivington Massacre:
Early on the morning of November 29, 1864, a group of Colorado militia led by Colonel John M. Chivington attacked the sleeping group. "Kill and scalp all, bug and little," Chivington told his men. "Nits makes lice." Black Kettle tried to stop the ambush, raising first an American Flag and then a white flag. Niether worked. The Native American men, women, and children were clubbed, stabbed, and scalped. The Chivington massacre set off angry protrest in Colorado and the East.
Red Cloud:
Red Cloud the Sioux chief, determined to stop the trail that was going trhough the heart of the Sioux hunting grounds in Montana. In December 1866, pursued by an arum column under Captian William J. Fettermen, he lured the incautious Fettermen deep into the wilderness, ambushed him, and wiped out all eight-two soldiers in his command.
Fettermen Massacre:
Coming soon after the Chivington Massacre, sparked a public debate over the nation's Indian policy. LIke the policy itself, the debate reflected differing white views of the Native Americans.
Buffalo Soldiers:
African Americans cavalrymen on the western frontier.
Red River War:
In the 1868, warfare broke out again, and it took more than a decade of violence to beat the Indians into submission. The Kiowa and Comanche rampaged through the Texas Panhandle, looting and killing, until the U.S Army including the fear buffalo soldiers crushed them in the Red River War of 1874-1875 and ended warfare in the Southwest.
Sitting Bull:
Famous medicine man.
Crazy Horse:
The great war chief.
George Armstrong Custer:
George Armstrong Custer was a leitenant that pushed recklessly ahead, eager to claim the victory.
7th Cavalry:
The 7th Cavalry was Custer's old regiment. Troops of the 7th Cavalry caught up with Big Foot's band and took them to the army camp on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota.
Nez Perce Tribe:
The Nez Perce Tribe was a tribe of Oregon, a people who had warmly welcomed Lewis and Clark in 1805, rebelled against government policy.
Chief Joseph:
Hoping to reach Canada, Cheif Joseph led the tribe on a courageous flight lasting 75 days and covering 1321 miles. They defeated the pursuing army at every turn but they ran out of food, horses, and ammunition. Surrendering, they were sent to barren lands in the Indian Country of Oklahoma, and there, most of them died of disease.
Wovoka:
Paiute messiah. He said that the "ghost dances" would bring back Native American lands and would caue the whites to disapear. He believed that all Native Americans would reunite, the earth would be covered with dust, and a new earth would come upon the old. The vanished buffalo would return in great herds.
Ghost Dance:
Ghost Dances were a set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of Paiute messiah named Wovoka.
Wounded Knee Massacre:
Troops of the 7th Cavalry took them to the army camp on Wounded Knee Cree in South Dakota and a Native American fired the first shot, returned by the army's new machine guns. Firing a shell a second, they shredded tepees and people. In the famous Wounded Knee Massacre about two hundred men, women, and children were killed in the snow.
Assimilation:
These assimilationists wanted to use education, land policy, amd federal law to eradicate tribal society.
Court of Indian Offenses:
In 1882, Congress created a Court of Indian Offenses to try Native Americans who broke government rules, and soon thereafter it made them answerable in regular courts for certain crimes.
Dawes Severalty Act:
In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act, which was one of the most important legal development in Indian- white relations in more than three centuries. It was aiming to end tribal life, the Dawes Act divided tribal lands into small polts for distribution among members of the tribe. Each family head received 160 acres, single adults 80 acres, and children 40 acres. Once the land was distributed, any surplus was sold to white settlers, with the profits going to Native American schools.
Extermination of the Buffalo:
The final blow in the tribal life came not only in the Dawes Severalty Act but in the virtual extermination of the buffalo, the Plains Indian's chief resourse and the basis for their unique way of life. The killing began in the 1860s as the transcontinental railroads pushed west, and it stepped up as a settlers found they could harm the Indians by harming the buffalo. They used buffalo hides to make very valuable leather.