Chapter 17: Therapy

Front 1

Psychotherapy

Back 1

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Front 2

Eclectic Approach

Back 2

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy;
depends on client and problem

Front 3

Psychoanalysis

Back 3

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight;
time consuming, slow, expensive;
not very common;
28% of people in psych. doctoral programs

Front 4

Psychodynamic Therapy

Back 4

try to understand a patient's current symptoms by exploring childhood experiences;
influenced by Freud;
faster, less time consuming, and therefore less expensive then traditional psychoanalysis;
type of psychoanalysis

Front 5

Resistance

Back 5

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material;
hint at anxiety

Front 6

Interpretation

Back 6

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

Front 7

Transference

Back 7

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Front 8

Client-Centered Therapy or Person-Centered Therapy

Back 8

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, acceptation, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth;
11% of doctoral students are humanistic

Front 9

Active Listening

Back 9

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

Front 10

Behavior Therapy

Back 10

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
9% of doctoral students are behavior-therapists

Front 11

Counterconditioing

Back 11

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

Front 12

Exposure Therapies

Back 12

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
a type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Front 13

Systematic Desensitization

Back 13

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking)
works for a short time
works best in combination with another therapy

Front 14

Aversive Conditioning

Back 14

an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

Front 15

Token Economy

Back 15

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
49% of doctoral students

Front 16

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Back 16

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
changing how you think and behave

Front 17

Family Therapy

Back 17

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behavior as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
successful
group therapy allows people to know that they are not alone, discuss embarrassing diseases or disorders, and to get emotional support
19% of doctoral students

Front 18

Is psychotherapy effective?

Back 18

placebo effect, unwillingness to believe that you wasted money on psychotherapy, time
therapy does help, but it doesn't help much more then time, which works quite well
helps best with phobias, panic, shyness, or bad sex performance
helps in the short term with depression and anxiety
does not do much good alone with schizophrenia or personality changing
type of therapy, type of therapist (including years and training) don't matter

Front 19

Clinicaal psychologists

Back 19

most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.

Front 20

Clinical or psychiatric social workers

Back 20

a two-year Master of Social Work graduate program puls post-graduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social Worker's designation of clinical social worker

Front 21

Counselors

Back 21

marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

Front 22

Psychiatrists

Back 22

these physicians specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have a privet practice.

Front 23

Regression Toward the Mean

Back 23

the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average

Front 24

Meta-Analysis

Back 24

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Front 25

Psychoparmacology

Back 25

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Front 26

Antipsychotic Drug

Back 26

most block dopamine
calm psychotic patients
similar to neurotransmitters to block activity
doses vary between patients
used in combination with other therapy
used in many different disorders
chlorpromazine dampens responses to irrelevant stimuli
help hallucinations and paranoia
thus, positive schizophrenia
clozapine
blocks serotonin
increases responses to stimuli
helps with apathy and withdrawal
thus, negative schizophrenia

Front 27

Antianxiety Drug

Back 27

depress central nervous system
don't use with alcohol
used in combination with other therapy
treat symptoms and not problems

Front 28

Antidepressant Drugs

Back 28

increase neurotransmitters norepinephrine or serotonin
serotonin enhancing drugs are also used to treat OCD
effect of these drugs can take 4 weeks
combined with aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy
mostly the placebo effect
on drug, 41% of people improve, at least 31% due to placebo effect
not terribly effective
not shown to increase suicide
St. John's wart doesn't work

Front 29

Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitor Drugs (SSRIs)

Back 29

drugs that block reabsorption of norepinephrine and serotonin or inhibit enzymes that break down neurotransmitters are just as effective and have more side-effects;
partially blocks reabsorption and removal of serotonin

Front 30

Lithium

Back 30

a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
70% improve

Front 31

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Back 31

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
three sessions a week for two to four weeks
80% of people improve
don't know why it works

Front 32

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (RTMS)

Back 32

repeated pulses are sent through a magnetic coil that is held close to the right temple
20-30 min. treatments daily for 2 to 4 weeks
possibly stimulates the underactive right temporal lobe
50% improvement, 25% of which was due to placebo effect

Front 33

Psychosurgery

Back 33

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
used as a last resort, rare
sometimes used to cure OCD or seizures
irreversible

Front 34

Lobotomy

Back 34

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain