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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Comes from the Latin word "religare" |
Religion |
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Means "to bind together" |
Religare |
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Refers to the socially defined patterns of belief concerning the ultimate meaning of life; it assumes the existence of the supernatural as some entity that is above nature, beyond our experience, unexplained by natural laws |
Religion |
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The belief in spiritual beings and the institutions and practices associated with these beliefs (Taylor) |
Religion |
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Refers to any set of doctrines providing overall answers to ultimate and existential questions for which there are no empirical answers ( Gelliner) |
Religion |
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Embodies beliefs or representations which express the nature of sacred things as well as rites prescribing how a person should behave in the presence of sacred objects (Evans-Pritchard) |
Religion |
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Involves a set of symbols which arouses feeling of reverence or awe and are linked to rituals or ceremonial such as church services practiced by a community of believers (Giddens) |
Religion |
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Is a culturally entrenched pattern of behavior composed of sacred beliefs, emotional feelings accompanying the belief, and overt.conduct implementing the beliefs and feelings (John F. Cuber) |
Religion |
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A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden - beliefs and practice which unite into one single moral community call a church and all those who adhere to them (Durkheim) |
Religion |
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Basic elements or components of religion |
- Sacred objects - Sacred beliefs - Rituals - Religious community |
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Can be a natural being or force, or a ghost or spirit endowed with a supernatural power |
Sacred objects |
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It can be a moral principle, or a particular object that symbolizes deep-seated feelings |
Sacred objects |
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Give the members of a religion a shared sense of the reality of the supernatural, or of what is sometimes called "the holy" |
Sacred things |
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Deemed sacred to Christians because it presupposes a belief in the resurrection |
Crucifix |
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Sacred to Christians because it presupposes the belief it contains the words of God |
Bible |
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The visible and symbolic expressions of a religion. It refers yo prescribed ways of performing religious acts |
Rituals |
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Composed of those unique social characters of religion. Composed of those who share common beliefs and practices about the sacred which bind them together within a large social whole |
Religious community |
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"The idea of society is the soul of religion" |
Durkheim |
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He felt community and religion were inseparable for two reasons: religion both celebrates and creates community |
Durkheim |
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Techniques of religion |
- Prayer - Sacrifice - Reverence - Divination - Taboo - Duty - Ritual - Ceremony - Magic |
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Refers to general acts performed according to the requirements of the beliefs. |
Techniques of religion |
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It refers to overt conduct of the believers implementing the beliefs and feelings |
Techniques of Religion |
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It refers to the communication with supernatural powers through thoughts or speech |
Prayer |
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It expresses the desire to please the supernatural powers by gift giving |
Sacrifice |
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It refers to the awe coupled with love and admiration which one offers to the supernatural powers |
Reverence |
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It means the control by foreknowledge or supernatural powers |
Divination |
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It refers to the negative presentation of propitiatory devices wherein the person should abstain from certain acts which are presumed inimical to the desires of the gods |
Taboo |
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It refers to "thou shall not" behavior |
Taboo |
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It is the opposite of taboo. It attempts to please the supernatural by positive acts. It refers to "thou shall" behavior |
Duty |
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It refers to the prescribed way of performing religious acts |
Ritual |
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It involves a number of interconnected and related rituals performed at a given time |
Ceremony |
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It is an attempt to put into operation certain forces which will produce desired results |
Magic |
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Theories about the origin of religion |
Faith-based Science-based |
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There are ____ major world religions which are subdivided into a total of _____ large religious groups |
19, 270 |
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Three theoretical camps |
Consensus Conflict Change |
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"The sociology of religion" |
Christopher Newman |
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Consensus |
Emile Durkheim |
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Changes the emphasis from individual human need to the need of the society |
Functionalist perspective |
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Primarily concerned with the role religion plays in society. It requires that all societal institutions and structures perform a useful purpose in order to create consensus |
Functionalism |
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Argues that all societies divide the world into two categories: "the sacred" and "the profane", and religion is based on this division. |
Emile Durkheim |
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Argues that religious phenomena emerge in any society when a separation is made between the sphere of the profane and the sphere of the sacred |
Emile Durkheim |
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The realm of everyday utilitarian activities, ordinary, mundane, not set apart, treated very casually |
Profane |
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The area that pertains to numenous, the transcendental, the extraordinary, that which is ideal, powerful, potentially dangerous, awe-inspiring |
Sacred |
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Act as totems to which groups and individuals ascribe power and importance |
Sacred things |
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Emphasizes the importance of collective worship |
Durkheim |
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Identifies religion as a major player in the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, a relationship based on conflict |
Marxist theory/ conflict theory |
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Saw religion as part of the capitalist superstructure, and as a tool for subverting dissidnence and achieving control |
Karl Marx |
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Conflict theory |
Karl Marx |
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Change theory |
Max Weber |
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Argues that in some circumstances, religion can lead to social change |
Max Weber |
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Believes that in certain circumstances, religious beliefs can influence economic behavior |
Max Weber |
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Rejects the Marxist view |
Max Weber |
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"The protestant ethic and the spirit of Capitalism" |
Max Weber |
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According to him, the first organized religions appear to have been based on fertility |
David Barret |
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A single male god is worshipped |
Monotheistic religion |
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A religion which recognizes a single male deity, but which recognizes other gods and goddesses, heroes, or saints as facets or manifestations or aspects of that supreme god |
Henotheistic religion |
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Faith traditions |
- Agnosticism - Animism - Atheism - Deism - Duotheism - Henotheism - Monism - Monotheism - Panentheism - Pantheism - Polytheism - Trinitarianism |
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Types of religious organization |
- Sect - Church or Ecclesia - Cults |
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It is a small, exclusive, uncompromising fellowship of individuals seeking spiritual perfection |
Sect |
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Austere, disciplined life style |
Ascetism |
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They consider the world outside the sect to be decadent, corrupt and sinful |
Members of the sect |
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Often claim they are authentic, cleansed version of the faith from which they split |
Sect |
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A large, conservative universal religious institution |
Church or Ecclesia |
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Are religious movements that are at odds with their social environment and which have no prior ties with an established religious body in a given society |
Cults |
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Described three types of cults |
Status and Bainbridge |
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Three types of cults |
- Audience cults - Client cults - Cult movements |
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Have practically no formal organization. The members are actually consumers of cult doctrines delivered over the airwaves or in books, magazines, and newspaper columns |
Audience cults |
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Have religious leaders who offer specific services to those who follow them. |
Client cults |
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Are client cults which become larger and more tightly organized |
Cult movements |
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Has been a major source of social change |
Modernization |
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Three choices according to Peter Berger |
- they can affirm traditional religious authority in the face of modern challenges to it - they can change their religious beliefs - they can try to tap the wellsprings |
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Functions of religions |
- promoting social solidarity and social control - legitimation - social adaptation - consecrating life's events - emotional security - social functions - latent or unintended functions |
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Religion promotes social solidarity in the community by acting as a kind of social cement |
Promoting social solidarity and social control |
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Religion helps to legitimate the established and dominant groups within a society |
Legitimation |
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Religious groups have helped millions of immigrants to a new land and life |
Social adaptation |
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Birth, maturity, marriage, and death - universal features of the human life cycle - are celebrated and explained by practically all religions |
Consecrating life's events |
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Religion provides explanations of the unknown and therefore promotes emotional security |
Emotional security |
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Religion performs welfare, educational and recreational functions |
Social functions |
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Related social concepts on religion |
Folk-Catholicism Split-level Christianity Faith healing Occult Invisible or Private Religion Fundamentalist revival Electronic church |
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It refers to indigenous practices and old beliefs of the people which are interwoven into the Catholic official practices |
Folk-Catholicism |
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Spirits and widespread use of anting-anting, amulets and talismans |
Encantados |
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It refers to a situation where there is a coexistence within the same person of two or more thought-and-behavior systems which are inconsistent with each other (Fr. Bulatao) |
Split-level Christianity |
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It refers to indigenous practice of faith healers who serve as mediums for healing energy. This is done by invoking divine power through empathy and reliance on the faith of the patient (Panopio) |
Faith healing |
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It is derived from the Latin word "occultus" which means mysterious practices related to supernatural forces beyond the five senses. Included versions are practices and beliefs in astrology, magic, withcraft, numerology, crystal ball gazing, spiritism, and fortune telling (Villafuerte) |
Occult |
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It refers tonthe practice of many people who are critical of organized religion, or who disclaim any religious affiliations to focus on certain ultimate themes and private experiences such as intimacy, work, or peace of mind rather than on the issues central to traditional religion (Thomas Luckmann) |
Invisible or private Religion |
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It refers to the religious practice of the many people who retrieve the powerful spirit of traditional religion but adapting it to modern life. It stresses evangelization and piety, absolute authority of the Bible, personal conversion and salvation |
Fundamentalist revival |
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It refers to that form of religious expression using religious radio and television programs that reinforce traditional religious beliefs and ultimate themes of private religions, such as autonomy, self-realization, and essence of the family |
Electronic church |
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Stars of electronic church in the US |
- Jimmy Lee Swaggart - Oral Roberts - Res Humbard - Robert Schuller - Jerry Falwell - Jim Bakker - Pat Robertson |
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Stars of the electronic church in the Phil |
- Bro. Mike Velarde of El Shaddai - Brother Eddie Villanueva of Jesus is Lord - Ely Soriano of Dating Daan |