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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What caused the Enlightenment?
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Reason and natural laws of scientific revolution caused people to think of reason and natural laws for government and mankind, etc
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What was a popular phrase for the Enlightenment?
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"Dare to know"
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What did Bernard de Fontenelle write?
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The Plurality of Worlds
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What was Fontenelle?
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a popularizer
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What is a popularizer?
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someone who writes novels about the scientific revolution and explains the science in an non-boring/uncomplicated way; they are not actually scientists
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What is a noble savage?
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a man not corrupted by society
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What was travel literature?
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People who went to other places around the world published books talking about many different cultures
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What was cultural relativism?
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There are developed civilizations with different customs in other parts of the world
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What did cultural relativism lead to?
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religious skepticism
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What did John Locke do?
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He thought that people had Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) and that humans have a blank mind and they can be good people if put reason into their minds
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Who were the philosophes?
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intellectuals of the Enlightenment (similar to philosophers)
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The philosophes thought that women should be ______ and ______.
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Wives; mothers
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What country was the cultural center of the Enlightenment?
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France
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Why didn't the philosophes want democracy?
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Did trust lower classes and didn't want them to vote
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Where was the capital of the philosophes and the Enlightenment?
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Paris, France
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Philosophes wanted to apply _______ to everything.
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reason
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Which person had most of the French Enlightenment in his work?
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Montesquieu
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What were the three basic kinds of govenments that Montesquieu said there were?
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republics, monarchy and absolute power
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What did Montesquieu propose and how was his idea supposed to work?
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3 branches of gov - executive, legislative, judicial(separation of powers); by checks and balances
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What is the Montesquieu memory technique?
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Montesquieu, three branches of goverment for me and you.
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Why was Voltaire exiled from France?
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He got into a fight with a noble.
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Where was Voltaire exiled to?
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England
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What did Voltaire like in England?
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Its freedom of the press, political freedom and religious toleration
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What did Voltaire criticize France about?
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Didn't like absolutism, no religious toleration and no freedom of thought
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Voltaire didn't like the ______ church.
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Catholic
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Voltaire did not like deism? (T of F)
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False, he did like deism
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What was the main thing Volaire wanted?
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Religious toleration
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What is deism?
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Based on Newtonian world-machine; God is the mechanic, created to universe and allowed it to run with natural laws; God doesn't answer prayers or extend grace
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Who put together the Encyclopedia?
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Diderot
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What did the Encyclopedia have in it?
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All the knowledge of the time
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What did the Encyclopedia attack?
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Christianity
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What is laissez-faire?
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"to let do," government should not interfere with economics
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Laissez-faire was the opposite of _______ and foundation for _______.
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mercantilism; capitalism
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What famous person followed laissez-faire?
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Adam Smith
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What did Adam Smith like and dislike?
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like - free trade
dislike - mercantilism |
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Adam Smith thought that wealth came from ______ and not from _____ and ______.
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labor
land;gold |
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What 3 things did Adam Smith think that the government should do?
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1) Have army to protect 2) Have police to defend people from injustice 3) Keep up public works like roads/canals
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D'Hollback believed in ________ and ________.
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atheism; materialism
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D'Hollback thought that everything in universe was _____ in ______; humans were _______; people only need _______.
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matter; motion
machines reason |
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What did Rosseau write?
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The Social Contract
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Rosseau thought that women should be?
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wives and mothers
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What did Rosseau think?
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Society should be governed by its general will (best for all is best for each individual)
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What did Rosseau think there was no use of and why?
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Parliament because everyone is responsible for framing the general will.
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What were the names of two women who participated in the Enlightenment?
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Mary Astell; Mary Wollstonecraft
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What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe?
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Women should have same rights as men because they have reason and Enlightenment based on reason for all human beings
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Most of the philosophes were members of the.....
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upper classes
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What were the salons in the Enlightenment?
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rooms in wealthy houses were philosophes talked about their ideas
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Who ran the salons?
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Women
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The philosophes viewed the women as ________.
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Hostesses
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What did the salons achieve?
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The spread of Enlightenment ideas
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Explain the rococo art style
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emphasized grace/gentle action (softer, lighter than Baroque)
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Explain the art style of neoclassicism
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renewal of classical style of Greece/Rome
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What are style was Jacques Louis David part of?
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Neoclassicism
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At the beginning, what countries were the musical leaders of Europe?
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Italy and Germany
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What were two popular music styles?
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Baroque and classical music
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What two musicians were part of Baroque music?
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Bach and Handel
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What two musicians were part of classical music?
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Haydn and Mozart
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What did the introduction of classical music cause?
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The musical center to shift to Austria
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Why did people write music?
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To glorify God
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Who supported the musicians?
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Patrons - paid them for the music they wrote
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What two major things further developed?
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The novel and the writing of history
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Novels were aimed toward.....
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women
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What was different about the history writing of the Enlightenment?
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Removal of God and concentration on events in natural world
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Who made large contributions to the writing of history?
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Edward Gibbon
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Did literary rates increase or decrease during the Enlightenment?
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increase
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What reading device developed in England?
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magazines
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What other reading device developed?
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Newspapers
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What was popular culture?
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The lives and social activites of most of the people at the time
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What was high culture?
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World of educated and wealthy ruling classes
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What was the most popular social gathering for the lower classes?
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Carnival
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What was carnival the opposite of?
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Lent
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What was Lent?
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40 days of fasting and prayer to get ready for Easter
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Was there a split between the rich and the poor?
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yes
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What was the Institutional Church?
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Organized church/structure; takes God out of the picture
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Was the church still the center of life for most people?
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Yes
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Why does the pope lose some power?
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Secular rulers appoint church people
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What happened to the Jesuits?
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They were expelled because they had too much power
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What were pograms?
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taxes on Jews
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What happened to the Jews?
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They were taxed, their settlements were burned and some were killed
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What is the start of religious revivals called?
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The Great Awakening
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What did people want that started the religious revivals?
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a deeper, more personal relationship with God
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The people who started the religious revivals thought that God could not be....
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proven through rationalism (response to philosophes)
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What was the Catholic piety like in the Enlightenment?
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There were still external forms of devotion; church was important part of life
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What was pietism?
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the response to the deeper devotion to God
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Who led the Moravian Brethren and what did they believe in?
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Nikolaus von Zizendorf; personal experience with God is true religious experience
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Where did pietism start?
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Germany
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Who was John Wesley?
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an Anglican minister who said that people could get salvation by experiencing God
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What were the societies following John Wesley's religion called?
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Methodist societies
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What class did methodism attract?
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the lower class
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John Wesley wanted Methodism to be in the ______ church.
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anglican
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Was methodism a part of the Anglican church?
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no
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