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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the the three major blood proteins, what do they do, and in what proportion are they in circulation?
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Albumins: 60% osmotic pressure and carriers, globulins: 36% transport & immune system, Fibrinogen: 4% clotting
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What are the three nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood, and what do they do?
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Urea: amino acid catabolism, uric acid: nucleic acid catabolism, creatinine: catabolism of creatine phosphate
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What are the structural features of RBCs?
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7.5 x 2.5 micro meters, bi-concave shape, flexible because of spectrin
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How do RBCs get energy?
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Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
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What is the typical life span of RBCs?
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120 days.
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What is the average lifespan of RBCs?
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120 days
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What do RBCs transport?
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O2, CO2, NO
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Describe RBC production.
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Made in response by the enzyme EPO in the kidneys. Formed from the stem cell hemocytoblast, then to a immature RBC reticulocyte, reticulytes circulate in blood stream for about a day before fully mature RBC.
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What function do the kidneys serve as far as RBC formation.
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Kidneys monitor O2 levels and release EPO, which signals RBC production.
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What are reticulocytes?
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Immature RBCs.
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What are hemocytoblasts?
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blood stem cell.
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What is the breakdown product of heme?
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Billirubin (blood converts biliverdin to bilirubin, when reacts w/ free radicals converts back to biliverdin (bilirubin binds to albumin for transport. Iron bounds to protein as ferritin and stored for resuse.
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What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin during its breakdown.
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The globin is broken down to amino acids and released to circulation
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What is transferrin?
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Transferrin is the protein that transports iron.
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What is hemoglobin structure?
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Each globin has 4 polypeptide chains: 2 alpha, and 2 beta; each with a heme group that has an iron at its center
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List the granulocyctes, their structure, and their function.
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* Neutrophils: phagocytize bacteria, multilobed nucleus
* Eosinophils: bilobed nucleus, red sytoplasmic granules, parasitic worms, inactivate some allergies * Basophils: herapin and histamine, active in the blood, first cousins w/ Mast cells who are active in the tissues |
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What does herapin do and what cell produces it?
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an anticoagulant produced by basophils
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List the agranulocyctes, their structure, and their function.
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*T & B cells
*Monocytes: become macrophages in the tissues, macs work phagocytes and APCs, and are large w/ a kidney shaped nucleus |
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What is diapedesis?
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Passage of WBCs through intact vessel walls into tissue.
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What is chemotaxis
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WBCs are able to respond to chemotaxis. Chemotaxis is when organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.
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What are PAMPS?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are small molecular motifs consistently found on pathogens. They are recognized by toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants and animals.
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What are platelets, what chemicals do they contain, and other name are they known by?
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AKA thrombocytes, cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes, contain PF3, ADP, PDGF
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What is thrombooietin?
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Hormone that regulates platelet formation
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What is hemophilia?
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Clotting factor deficiency
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What is anemia?
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Insufficient or abnormal Hb levels
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What is leukemia?
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Cancer of white blood cells.
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Describe the clotting process.
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Vascular spasm, platelets stick to collagen fibers, platelet plug formed, coagulation: prothrombin activator formed, prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin turns fibrinogen to fibrin mesh
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Describe coagulation.
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*PF3 from platelets and exposure to tissue factor & calcium causes prothrombin activator to be formed
*Prothrombin turned to thrombin *Thrombin turns fibrinogen in to fibrin mesh |
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What effect does ADP have on blood clotting?
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Attracts more platelets to the area and causes them to release their contents.
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What effect does TPA and plasmin have on blood clotting.
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Tissue plasminogen activator is released by the endothelial cells and turns plasminogen into plasmin. Plasmin degrades the clot.
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Describe positive feedback in platelet plug formation.
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The ADP attracts more platelets to the area, and the thromboxane A2 promotes platelet aggregation, degranulation, and vasoconstriction. Thus ADP and thromboxane A2 promote more platelet adhesion and therefore more ADP and thromboxane. The positive feedback promotes the formation of a platelet plug.
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