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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the "information processing" model of memory?
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a theory that memory consists of multiple components and processes
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what is the first store of memory, and what are its capacity, duration, and neurological correlates?
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the sensory store of memory is the immediate initial recording of sensory info. it has a large capacity and a very short duration. following stimulation there is continuation of sensorineural activity. some info gets to STM via encoding and other unimportant info does not
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what is the second store of memory, and what are its capacity, duration, and neurological correlates?
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short term (working) memory (STM) is an active "workspace" for conscious thought and reasoning. it has a small capacity (~7 "items") and short duration (~30 seconds) but longer if material is actively rehearsed. prefrontal cortex.
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how does info get to the second store of memory?
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requires encoding from sensory memory (which requires attention) and/or retrieval from LTM
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what is the third store of memory, and what are its capacity, duration, and neurological correlates?
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the long term memory (LTM) is relatively permanent and a limitless storehouse. it has potentially infinite capacity and duration and its correlates are many different subtypes distributed throughout the brain.
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how does info get to and from the second store of memory?
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it is not directly accessible, it must be accessed via working memory through retrieval. requires consolidation, which occurs in medial temporal lobes (limbic system) and is enhanced by REM sleep
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what is the another store of memory that is more vaguely known, and what are its capacity, duration, and neurological correlates?
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the intermediate term memory (ITM) is memory that lasts for several hours or days. its duration is longer than STM but shorter than LTM. it is much less permanent but difficult to disambiguate from LTM.
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what is the free recall test?
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an experiment that distinguishes between STM and LTM. after audibly given a list of words, subjects write down as many as they can remember. results show that the immediate recall of first and last words are more common than the middle words.
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how do you explain the results of the free recall test?
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for the first words: primacy effect- more time to rehearse and for consolidation into LTM or ITM.
for the last words: recency effect- items are still active in STM or sensory store; does not occur for delayed recall. |
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what is the methodology for studying human brain lesions?
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examine patients with focal lesions and impairments in specific tasks
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what is single dissociation?
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when damage to a brain region causes a deficit in one function but not in others
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what is double dissociation?
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when damage to Region A causes a deficit in Task 1 but not in Task 2, and damage to Region B causes the opposite
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what is retrograde amnesia?
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loss of memory for past events prior to injury, typically limited to a short time period.
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what mechanism is being disrupted that causes retrograde amnesia? how is it caused?
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the temporary interruption of consolidation from STM --> LTM (or ITM). common causes are concussion, loss of consciousness, or alcohol
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what is anterograde amnesia? who are some famous cases?
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the loss of ability to retain new information. H.W. and Clive Weary are two famous cases of this.
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what mechanism is being disrupted to cause this?
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it is the permanent impairment of consolidation from STM --> LTM and often accompanied by some degree of retrograde amnesia, due to bilateral damage to the limbic system esp. hippocampus
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what are some characteristics of anterograde amnesic patients?
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impaired primacy effect, but normal recency effect (good STM). also show improvement in implicit skills like everyone else (eg. mirror tracing or fragmented pictures)
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what types of LTM memory are there?
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declarative/explicit vs. procedural/implicit
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what is declarative LTM memory?
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it is explicit memory whose info is acquired through learning and memory that we are aware (conscious) of accessing. requires intact limbic system
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what is procedural LTM memory?
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it is implicit memory show through performance rather than conscious recollection; memory we are not aware of accessing: eg. bike riding, puzzle piecing
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what types of declarative memory are there?
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semantic vs. episodic
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what is semantic memory? how is this disrupted?
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the generalized memory of info, eg. vocab, facts, names. semantic memory is more widely distributed. patients with focal cortical lesions lose the ability to name objects belonging to specific categories (eg. naming tools)
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what is episodic memory? how is this disrupted?
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autobiographical memory, memory for events in time and place. damage to the frontal-parietal areas produce selective loss of episodic memory (source amnesia)- extremely rare. eg. patient K.C.
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