Chapter 17

Front 1

The only fluid tissue in the human body. Contains living cells and fluid.

Back 1

Blood

Front 2

Carry blood away from the heart

Back 2

Arteries

Front 3

A_____________ branch until they become microscopic c____________.

Back 3

Arteries;capillaries

Front 4

Carbon dioxide and wastes can pass into c__________ by d__________. N___________ diffuse out of c_____________ into body tissues

Back 4

capillaries; diffusion. Nutrietns; capillaries

Front 5

C____________ lead to v___________

Back 5

Capillaries;veins

Front 6

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Back 6

Veins

Front 7

After veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart, it is pumped to the l__________ where it picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart for d_________ to the body

Back 7

lungs;dispersal

Front 8

Blood is classified as being a type of c________ t_________ since blood contains ____ elements of c__________ t_________

Back 8

connective tissue; 3; connective tissue

Front 9

3 elements of connective tissue:

Back 9

Cells, Matrix, Fibers

Front 10

The liquid portion of blood

Back 10

Matrix

Front 11

Mostly protein fibers such as fibrin. These provide support to blood.

Back 11

Fiers

Front 12

Also play a role in blood clotting

Back 12

Fibers

Front 13

Blood's color dpeends on the amount of o_________ it is carrying. Scarlet r____ blood is oxygen r_______. Dark r____ blood is l____ in oxygen.

Back 13

oxygen

red

rich

red

low

Front 14

Blood has a greater d______ than water. In other words, blood is more v_________ than water.

Back 14

denisty;viscous

Front 15

Blood viscosity is established by e__________

Back 15

erythrocytes

Front 16

Blood is slightly a_________, with a ph between 7.35 and 7.45.

Back 16

alkaline

Front 17

Blood maintains a temperature around _______ degree F (_____ degrees C). This is slightly higher than normal body temperature

Back 17

100.4;38

Front 18

Blood makes up about ____ % of total body weight.

Back 18

8

Front 19

Average blood volume is ___-____L in males and _____-_____L in females

Back 19

5-6; 4-5

Front 20

Functions of blood:
C_______ o______ from the lungs to body tissues.

D_______ n_________ and w______ to body tissues.

T___________ metabolic w______ from body tissues to sites of elimination

Back 20

Carrying oxygen

Delivering nutrients

Transporting wastes

Front 21

Blood caries C_________ to the l___________ and n________ wastes to the k_______.

Back 21

CO2, lungs, nitrogen, kidney

Front 22

Regulatory functions of blood include:

Maintaining normal body t__________

Maintaining normal p_____ in body tissues

Maintaining normal f________ v_________ in the circulatory system

Back 22

temperature

ph

fluid volume

Front 23

Blood maintains normal body temperature by a_________ and d___________ heat throughout the body and to the s________ where heat loss can occur

Back 23

absorbing; distributing

skin

Front 24

Maintaining normal pH in body tissues by having blood p________ and s_____ act as b_________. These b________ p_______ sudden pH changes.

Back 24

proteins; solutes; buffers

buffers, prevent

Front 25

Blood provides protection by p________ b______ loss with p_______ and blood p________ aid in c_____ formation which stops blood loss.

Back 25

preventing blood; platelets;proteins;clot

Front 26

Blood also provides protection by f________ and p________ infection with a_________ and l__________ are involved in fighting and preventing infection.

Back 26

fighting; preventing; antibodies; leukocytes

Front 27

2 Primary components of blood

Back 27

Plasma

Formed Elements

Front 28

The liquid matrix of blood

Back 28

Plasma

Front 29

Part of the blood comprised of blood cells and cell fragments. These are suspended in plasma

Back 29

Formed elements

Front 30

Formed Elements in Human Blood

Back 30

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Front 31

Formed Element comprised of red blood cells

Back 31

Erythrocytes

Front 32

Formed Element comprised of white blood cells

Back 32

Leukocytes

Front 33

Formed Element comprised of Thrombocytes

Back 33

Platelets

Front 34

The most commonly examined tissue in the body. Used to determine what illness a patient has.

Back 34

Blood

Front 35

In a lab, blood is spun in a centrifuge. This pushes the h________ formed elements to the b_________ of the tube and the l_______ d_______ p__________ remains at the t_____.

Back 35

heavier; bottom; less dense plasma; top

Front 36

E__________ settle at the bottom of the tube; thus producing a r______ mass at the b_____ of the tube.

Back 36

Erythrocytes; red; base

Front 37

H____________-the percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume

Back 37

Hematocrit

Front 38

B_______ C_______- a thin white layer at the top of the erythrocyte layer.

Back 38

Buffy Coat

Front 39

Erythrocyte layer containing leukocytes and platelets

Back 39

Buffy Coat

Front 40

P___________-sits above the buffy coat and it makes up about 55% of blood volume

Back 40

Plasma

Front 41

The straw-colored, sticky, liquid portion of blood

Back 41

Plasma

Front 42

Plasma is composed of w_______, p_______ p_________, n____-p__________ n__________ substances, n__________, e__________, r__________ g_______.

Back 42

water, plasma proteins, non-protein nitrogenous, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases

Front 43

Accounts for over 90% of total plasma volume. Serves as a dissolving and suspending medium for blood solutes. Also is involved in absorbing heat and heat transfers.

Back 43

Water

Front 44

P_________ P__________ account for 8% of total plasma volume.

Back 44

Plasma Proteins

Front 45

A_____________ is a plasma protein that is produced by the human liver and accounts for 60% of plasma proteins

Back 45

Albumin

Front 46

Functions of A_________ include:

C________ some m_________ through the body

Acting as a blood b______

Creating o__________ p__________, which acts to maintain water balance between blood and tissues

Back 46

Albumin

Carrying; molecules

osmotic pressure

Front 47

G____________ are a type of plasma protein that accounts for 36% of plasma proteins

Back 47

Globulins

Front 48

A________, B______ Globulins are produced by the liver. These are t__________ proteins that attach to and transport l_________, metal ions and fat-soluble vitamins

Back 48

Alpha, Beta; transport; lipids

Front 49

G___________ Globulins- a__________ released primarily by plasma cells during an immune response

Back 49

Gamma; antibodies

Front 50

C__________ Proteins are a Type of Globulins that make up 4% of plasma proteins.

Back 50

Clotting

Front 51

Clotting proteins include f_________ and p________ which are involved in blood clotting. Both of these proteins are produced in the l_________.

Back 51

Fibrinogen; prothrombin

Front 52

F______________-type of plasma protein which helps to form the threads of blood clots to prevent blood loss

Back 52

Fibrinogen

Front 53

Types of globulins are A________, B_________, G_____ Globulins and c__________ proteins

Back 53

alpha, beta, gamma, clotting

Front 54

Types of plasma protein

A___________, G___________, F__________, M_________ enzymes, and a_________ proteins

Back 54

Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Metabolic enzymes, antibacterial

Front 55

N____-p_________ n___________ substances are part of plasma that includes by-products of cellular metabolism such as lactic aid, urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonium salts

Back 55

Non-protein nitrogenous

Front 56

N_______________ part of blood plasma that includes materials absorbed in the digestive tract. Some of these materials include glucose and other simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol and vitamins

Back 56

Nutrients

Front 57

E_____________ are part of blood plasma that includes ions such as potassium, calcium, sodium and phosphate.

Back 57

Electrolytes

Front 58

B_______________ is a type of electrolyte that is a major buffer.

Back 58

Bicarbonate

Front 59

Many electrolytes help maintain proper blood o________ p_______.

Back 59

osmotic pressure

Front 60

R___________ g______ are part of the plasma that includes oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Back 60

Respiratory gases

Front 61

Most oxygen is bound to h___________ in erythrocytes. Some oxygen is dissolved in plasma

Back 61

hemoglobin

Front 62

Carbon dioxide is transported attached to h_______ in erythrocytes and as b___________ dissolved in plasma

Back 62

hemoglobin; bicarbonate

Front 63

F___________ e________- cells and cell fragments in blood

Back 63

Formed elements

Front 64

3 formed elements in human blood are:

E________________

L________________

T________________

Back 64

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Front 65

Red Blood Cells are also known as

Back 65

Erythrocytes

Front 66

E___________ are small (7.5 micrometers in diameter), biconcave d______ with d________ centers

Back 66

Erythrocytes; discs; depressed

Front 67

E___________ are bound by a t_______ cellular m__________. They l_____ a n_______ and they do not contain cellular organelles.

Back 67

Erythrocytes; true; membrane

lack; nucleus

Front 68

Erythrocytes generate their energy via a________ methods, therefore, they d____ n_______ contain m_____________. Due to this, erythrocytes do not use the o________ they carry.

Back 68

anabolic; do not; mitochondria

oxygen

Front 69

Erythrocytes contribute greatly to blood v________

Back 69

viscosity

Front 70

An i___________ in erythrocyte number i__________ blood viscosity; thus blood flow s_______. The opposite is true as well

Back 70

increase; increase; slows

Front 71

Erythrocytes transport o___________ and c________ d_______ through the body. Much of the o_________ is carried by h__________ which is stored in erythrocytes

Back 71

oxygen; carbon dioxide

oxygen; hemoglobin

Front 72

H_____________ transports most of the oxygen through the body. It can also carry carbon dioxide. Also responsible for red blood pigment

Back 72

Hemoglobin

Front 73

Hemoglobin is comprised of g_______ and h_________

Back 73

globin; hemoglobin

Front 74

A complex protein with 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Back 74

Globin

Front 75

A ring shaped structure that binds tot he globin molecule

Back 75

Heme

Front 76

There are _____ heme groups in every hemoglobin molecule. Each of the heme groups contains an i______ atom.

Back 76

4; iron

Front 77

I_________ easily combines with o_________. Therefore, each h__________ molecule can transport _____ o________ molecules.

Back 77

Iron; oxygen; hemoglobin; 4 oxygen

Front 78

H____________ picks up oxygen in the l_________. The oxygen is then transported to body t________ where it is released for use by t_______ cells

Back 78

Hemoglobin; lungs

tissue; tissue

Front 79

When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin is known as o_____________. The oxygen changes the shape of the hemoglobin which now becomes b_______ r_______.

Back 79

oxyhemoglobin

bright red

Front 80

When oxygen released from iron, hemoglobin returns to its original shape. At this point, the hemoglobin is known as d____________________ and it becomes d______ r_______ in color.

Back 80

deoxyhemoglobin; dark red

Front 81

About _____% of the carbon dioxide transported in blood combines with hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form c____________________ which is a d_____ r_____ color.

Back 81

20%

carbaminohemoglobin; dark red

Front 82

Carbon dioxide uptake occurs in b_______ t_______. The carbon dioxide is carried to the l________ where it is eliminated from the body.

Back 82

body tissues; lungs

Front 83

Erythrocyte Production

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis-b______ c______ formation. Occurs in r______ b_____ m_______

Back 83

blood cell

red bone marrow

Front 84

Erythropoiesis=r_______ blood cell f_________. Erythrocytes _______ divide.

Back 84

red; formation. Can't

Front 85

H___________ (Hematopoietic Stem Cells)- located in r_____ b______ m______. These m________ into a______ types of blood cells.

Back 85

Hemocytoblasts; red bone marrow

mature; all

Front 86

Once Hemocytoblasts start developing into a particular type of blood cell, they c_______ stop.

Back 86

cannot

Front 87

H_______________ develop into m____________ stem cells which are then transformed into p_____________. The p_____________ then develop into e____________.

Back 87

Hemocytoblasts; myeloid

proerythroblasts; proerythroblasts

erythroblasts

Front 88

E______________ produce huge numbers of r___________ which are involved in p___________ production.

Back 88

Erythroblasts; ribosomes; protein

Front 89

Hemoglobin formation and iron accumulation also occurs in the e______________.

Back 89

erythroblasts

Front 90

Next, the e___________ develops into a n__________. A n_________ begins to turn p____-r____ in color as more h_________ is produced.

Back 90

erythroblasts; normoblasts

normoblasts; pink-red; hemoglobin

Front 91

A normoblast also loses all cellular o__________. It begins to assume the typical biconcave shape.

Back 91

organelles

Front 92

Normoblasts develop into r____________ which are essentially young e____________. R_____________ enter the bloodstream to begin transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. Reticulocytes become mature erythrocytes within about t_______ days.

Back 92

reticulocytes; erythrocytes

Reticulocytes

two

Front 93

Reticulocytes account for ____-_____% of all erythrocytes in a healthy human.

Back 93

2-3%

Front 94

R____________ c________ are used clinically as an index of the rate of e___________ formation.

Back 94

Reticulocytes counts; erythrocyte

Front 95

The body must maintain a constant number of erythrocytes. Too f________ erythrocytes can lead to h______ ( o_______ d____________) and too many erythrocytes increased blood v________.

Back 95

Erythrocytes; hypoxia; oxygen deprivation

viscosity