Chapter 17

Front 1

Adam Smith is associated with __________ economic thought and policy.

Back 1

laissez faire

Front 2

The Encyclopedia advocated reform for the condition of women.

Back 2

False

Front 3

Isaac Newton encouraged Europeans to

Back 3

study nature directly.

Front 4

Ideas that were circulated in print became the basis for __________, the increasingly influential social force that came into existence sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.

Back 4

reform

Front 5

Rousseau was a staunch critic of the emerging materialist society.

Back 5

True

Front 6

__________ embodied a return to figurative and architectural models drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world.

Back 6

neoclassicism

Front 7

Religious leaders were the largest portion of the readership for the philosophes' writings.

Back 7

False

Front 8

The majority of philosophes were

Back 8

free agents.

Front 9

Voltaire lived in France and Switzerland throughout his life.

Back 9

False

Front 10

Mary Wollstonecraft

Back 10

believed education was necessary for women to develop moral and intellectual identities.

Front 11

The belief that the God who created rational nature must also be rational, and the religion through which that God is worshiped should be rational is called __________.

Back 11

deism

Front 12

Protestantism and Catholicism taught that meaningful improvement in human nature on earth was impossible.

Back 12

True

Front 13

Montesquieu believed

Back 13

the form of government best suited for a country depended on its character.

Front 14

Beccaria supported the utilitarian idea that the purpose of laws was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Unlike Spinoza, Mendelsohn wished to advocate religious toleration while genuinely sustaining the traditional religious practices and faith of __________.

Back 15

Judaism

Front 16

For the most part, Europeans considered Islam incorrect and Muslims inferior.

Back 16

True

Front 17

The most progressive European nation at the dawn of the Enlightenment was ______.

Back 17

England

Front 18

The __________ were French economic reformers who prized agriculture, and believed the role of government should be to protect private property so owners could use it freely.

Back 18

physiocrats

Front 19

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu most admired the __________ constitution.

Back 19

British

Front 20

Voltaire believed the human condition would continue to improve.

Back 20

False

Front 21

Critics of European empires fixated upon

Back 21

all of these answers

Front 22

Rousseau believed that __________ is more important than its individual members, because individuals are what they are only by virtue of their relationship to the larger community.

Back 22

society

Front 23

The expanding literate public led to an increasingly influential social force called __________ .

Back 23

public opinion

Front 24

Montesquieu believed women were not naturally inferior to men.

Back 24

True

Front 25

Rousseau was popular with women of his time.

Back 25

True

Front 26

A style characterized by lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light was known as ______.

Back 26

rococo

Front 27

Diderot and d'Alembert published the __________, which was an important source of knowledge about eighteenth-century social and economic life.

Back 27

encyclopedia

Front 28

__________ closely identified God and nature and the spiritual and material worlds.

Back 28

Spinoza

Front 29

One of the reasons Enlightened absolutist monarchs supported change and innovation was their desire for increased government revenue.

Back 29

True

Front 30

__________ II, upon succession to the Austrian throne, eliminated most but not all of the reforms of his brother Joseph II.

Back 30

Leopold