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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hormones
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chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
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exocrine glands
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have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surfact or the mucosa of the digestive tract- external secretions ex. food digestion
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endocrine glands
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no ducts, contain dense capillary networks which allows easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream, internal secretions, intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism
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hypothalamus
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regulates primitive functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth, many of its functions carried out by pituitary glad
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pituitary gland
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(hypophysis) made of adenohypophsis and neurohypophysis- suspended from the floor of the hypothalamus by a stalk
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adenohypophsis
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constitutes the anterior three quarters of pituitary gland- linked to blood vessels- controlled by hypothalamus that secrete hormones that enter the primary capillaries
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neurohypophysis
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the posterior quarter of pituitary, synthesize hormones and transports them down the axons to the posterior pituitary, stored till released into blood
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What are the 8 hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
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Anterior pituitary- TRH,CRH,GnRH,PIH and somatostatin
Posterior pituitary- Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone |
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PIH
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secretion of prolactin
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somatostatin
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inhibits secretion growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles and sperm production
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LH
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luteinizing hormone- gonadotropin hormone that target gonads- stimulates ovulation, stimulates secretion of progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
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TSH
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thyroid stimulating hormone- stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
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ACTH
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adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates adrenal cortext to secrete glucocorticoids
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PRL
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prolactin- after birth stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk, enhances secretion of testosterone by testes
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GH
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growth hormone- stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation
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Posterior Pituitary hormones
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produced in hypothalamus and releases hormones when hypothalmic neurons are stimulated
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone- increases water retention thus reducing urine volume and prevents dehydration
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OT
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oxytocin- surge of hormone released during sexual arousal and orgasm- stimulate uterin contractions and propulsion of semen, promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners, stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, stimulates flow of milk during lactation and promotes emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant
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Pineal Gland
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after age 7 undergoes involution (shrinkage), may synchronize physiological function with 24 hour circadian rhythems of daylight and darkness and may regulate timing of puberty in humans
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thymus
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plays role in endocrine, lymphatic and immune, goes through involution after puberty secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin and thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes
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thyroid gland
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largest endocrine gland- secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronin- increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness and quicker reflexes; secretes calcitonin with rising blood calcium(decreases calcium)
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parathyroid gland
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secrete parathyroid hormone and increases blood calcium levels
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adrenal gland
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small gland, formed by merger of two fetal glands with different origins and functions
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adrenal medula
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inner core, dual nature acting as an endocrine gland and sympathetic ganlion of sympathetic nervous system when stumlated released epinephrine and nonepinephrine and some dopamine directly into the bloodstream, longer lasting effect then neurotransmitters, increases alertness for physical activity, increases blood pressure, blood flow and decreases digestion
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adrenal cortex
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produces more than 25 steroid hormones called coricosteroids and corticoids
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Categories of Corticosteroids
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mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids sex steroids |
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mineralocorticoids
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regulate electrolytes, has aldosterone stimulates NA retention and K excretion, water is retained with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure maintained
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glucocorticoids
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regulate metabolism of glucose, cortisol stimulates fate and protein catabolism, helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues and anti inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression
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sex steroids
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has androgens (sets libido throughout life, large role in prenatal male development) and estradiol (important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass)
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Pancreatic hormones
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insulin
glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide gastrin hyperglycemic hypoglycemic |
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insulin
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secreted during and after meal when glucose and amino acids blood levels are rising, stimulates cells to absorbe these nutrients and store or metabolize them lowing blood glucose levels insuffeciency will cause diabetes melitus
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glucagon
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released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling, in liver, stimulates release of glucose into the circulation raising blood glucose level
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somatostatin
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partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin, inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients
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pancreatic polypeptide
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inhibits gallbladder contraction and secretion pancreatic digestive enzymes
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gastrin
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stimulates stomach acid secretion, motility and emptying
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hyperglycemic hormones
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raise blood glucose concetration ex glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, nonepinephrine, cortisol and corticosterone
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hypoglycemic hormones
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lower blood glucose hormoes- mostly steroids
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ovaries and testes
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both endocrine(eggs and sperm)(cytogenic glands) and exocrine (mostly steroids)
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estradiol and progesterone
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in ovarian hormones - regulate menstrual cycle and sustain pregnancy, prepary mammary glands for lactation and inhibin suppresses FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
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testicular hormones
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estrogen, weak androgens, testosterone that stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus and adolescent and sex drive and sperm production, a inhibin limits FSH secretion in order to regulate sperm production
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