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33 Cards in this Set

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Explain why there is a limit to how large a cell can grow
When a cell grows, the volume of its cytoplasm increases at a faster rate than the plasma membrane is able to increase. Therefore, when the volume of the cytoplasm increases, more materials must pass through the membrane. A cell must stop growing at a specific point in order to meet its metabolic needs. Therefore, new growth must come from additional cells.
Define the term 'Cell Cycle'
In brief, the cell cycle refers to the life cycle of a cell. The lives of different cells vary based on their type and environment. A cell cycle consists of a maintenence period and a period upon which the cells divide.
What is the central feature of the cell cycle?
The central feature of the Cell Cycle is the way that genetic material is duplicated then passed from the original cell, called the parent cell, to each new cell called the daughter cell
DNA is found in each _____________ of a cell
Chromosome
A _________ is a length of DNA and its associated proteins.
Chromosome
What is a highly organized arrangement of proteins that compact material within the cell?
Histones
What are the long, intertwined strands that contain DNA?
Chromatin
What happens to the threads of Chromatin during the recognition of genetic material during cell division?
The threads condense and become visible under a light microscope.
What is the constricted (pinched-in) region in the condensed chromosome called?
The centromere
In what structures is the Genetic Information of a cell contained? Where are these structures located?
In its DNA. DNA is found in each Chromosome of a cell.
What is a centromere and where would you find it?
A centromere is the point where two sister chromatids of a chromosome are joined and the spindle fibres are attatched during mitosis. You would find it in the condensed chromosomes.
How many Chromosomes are there in the somatic cells of humans?
Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, or 22 homologous pairs.
What are Homologous Chromosomes?
Homologous Chromosomes are the same in shape and length and is responsible for the same types of characteristics
Why are the X and Y chromosomes called the Sex Chromosomes?
Each somatic cell has two sex chromosomes that may or may not be a homologous pair. The sex chromosomes are called X and Y. Sex chromosomes determine the sex of an individual. A human female has two X chromosomes, and a male has an X and a Y. The sex chromosomes are counted as a pair even though X and Y are not homologous.
Differentiate between Diploid, Haploid, and polypoid.
A cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes is a diploid (di, two).

A cell that contains unpaired chromosomes is a haploid. Human sex cells are Haploid.

Polypoid means they have sets of more than two homolous chromosomes.
What is it called when there is no combination of cellular material. This is when all new cells contain the same genetic material as the original cell.
Asexual Reproduction.
Sister Chromatids are _________ to each other.
Identical
Are homologous chromosomes identical to one another? If not, explain why.
They are not identical to each other. They carry different forms, or alleles of the same genes. However, they have other things in common such as their length, centromere position, and banding pattern.
What is a karyotype?
A particular set of chromosomes that an individual possesses.
Describe how the 22 autosomes and the sex chromosomes are distinct from one another.
They vary in overall length, location of their centromere, and their staining properties. These three characteristics are the same in homologous chromosomes.
During interphase, the cell carries out its regular __________ functions and prepares for _________
Carries out regular metabolic functions and prepares for new division.
What are the three phases in interphase?
G1, S, and G2
During interphase, what occurs during the division stage?
The reproduction of the nucleus and the division of the cell contents.
What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?
Rapid growth and metabolic activity
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
DNA synthesis and replication
What happens during G2 phase of interphase?
Cell prepares for division
About midway through interphase, the cell's DNA is copied exactly.The DNA's chromatin replicates to create a second identical set of chromosomes called sister chromatids. These sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. New genetic material is synthesized. What phase during interphase is this?
S phase
The cell has completed the S phase and it is entering the last segment of interphase. S phase has consumed a great deal of energy, so this phase lets cells rebuild the reserves of energy to prepare for division. Cells manufacture proteins and other molecules to make sure structures required for division and nucleus and cell. What phase of interphase is this?
G2 Phase, growth 2 phase.
Interphase ends when the cell begins the process of nuclear division. This is called:
Mitosis.
There are two main processes in cell division. These two processes are called 1)_________ and 2)_________
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
What process in cell division is The division of genetic material and the contents of the nucleus into two complete and seperate sets.
Mitosis
What process in cell division is the division of the cytoplasm and the organelles into two seperate cells?
Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis form two new ________ cells with the same genetic information as the parent cell
Daughter Cells