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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Antebellum period
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The time between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. The years 1815-1861. It was a period filled with the industrial revolution, cotton boom, improvement in transportation, the second great awakening, romanticism, reform movements, expansion (Manifest Destiny), nullification crisis, sectionalism and the dispute over slavery (rise of abolitionists).
Effects:The Antebellum Period resulted in technological advances and religious and social movements that affected the course of American history, including: westward expansion to the Pacific, a population shift from farms to industrial cities, sectionalism that ended in civil war, the abolition of slavery and the growth of feminist and temperance movements. |
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Second Great Awakening
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Religious revivals that came about between the 1790s and the 1830s.
More people were effected in the Second Great Awakening than the first. Filled with countless conversions, reorganized churches and new sects. Helped encourage different reforms: women's rights, prison reform, temperance cause, and abolition. Widened the gap between social classes and religions: The religions in the East were barely touched by the revivalism and the wealthy/educated levels of society focused on religions like Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians. The less educated and less prosperous people in the rural South and West were usually members of the Methodists and Baptists groups |
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Revivalism; revival camp meetings
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Huge camp meetings are what helped spread the Second Great Awakening. Thousands of people would meet for days to hear preaches and be saved from their sins. There were usually a few preachers around the camp so people could hear different views from different preachers. Many people fell from religious excitement
Methodists and Baptists were the biggest religions that people converted to. |
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Millennialism
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Western New York was filled with preachers yelling hellfire and damnation so it became known as the "Burned-Over District"
This is where the Millerites (Adventists) rose from in the 1830s The group was named after William Miller. They interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to Earth on October 22, 1844 When he failed to appear on the assumed date the movement was only dampened-not destroyed. |
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Church of Latter-Day Saints; Brigham Young
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Also known as Mormons. Joseph Smith claimed he had received some golden plates from an angel. Once deciphered it created the Book of Mormon-this was the start of the Church of Latter-Day Saints.
(It was a native American religion) Opposition to the new religion arose due to their practice of polygamy (more than one spouse), drilling of militia, and voting as a unit. Smith was murdered in 1844, but was succeeded by Brigham Young, who even though had barely any schooling was a great leader. He led followers to Utah in 1846-1847 to avoid any further persecution. After overcoming many pioneer hardships, they created a prosperous community. The population grew quickly by birth and immigration from Europe There was a crisis when the gov't could no longer control Young's hierarchy. In 1850 they had made Young territorial governor. 1857 a federal army marched in. The quarrel shifted without any serious bloodshed. The issue of polygamy prevented Utah’s entrance to U.S. until 1896 |
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New romantic movement
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Many writers wrote about the amazing adventures found on the frontiers and they made that type of life sound enduring. It caused people to move out there to experience it themselves but the writers were just over exaggerating and romancing the life of the frontier.
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Transcendentalists
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Where philosophical people who were in an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. It was influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy. It taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Key figures of this movement would be Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"
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Born in Boston, one of the best-known Transcendentalists. He was trained as a Unitarian minister but he was also a poet and philosopher. Stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism and freedom. His ideals reflected an expanding America, which is probably what made him so popular. “ The American Scholar” was Emerson’s most thrilling public effort. He delivered it at Harvard College in 1837. The speech urged American writers to get rid of English traditions and go out and experience the world for a real education.
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Henry David Thorough; "Civil Disobedience", "Walden"
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Thoreau was Emerson’s student. He was a poet, a transcendentalist and a nonconformist. He condemned any government that supported slavery. One time he refused to pay his Mass. Poll tax so he was put in jail for one night. He wrote his book “Walden” in 1854. The book is all about the simple life he led while living in a hut next to Walden Pond near Concord, MA. He believed that if he reduced his wants he would gain time for finding truth through mediation and study. Many of his works including, “Civil Disobedience”, exercised a strong influence in furthering idealistic thought (in America and abroad) His writings later encouraged Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule in India and even inspired the development of American civil rights, leader Martin Luther King Jr.’s thinking of nonviolence.
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Brook Farm
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Was a farm in Massachusetts made up of two hundred acres of soil. It was a utopian experiment in communal living and it was started in 1841 by the brotherly and sisterly cooperation of about twenty intellectuals who were committed to the philosophy of transcendentalism. It prospered until 1846 when they lost a large building to a fire. The whole idea of living simply and thinking highly collapsed in debt. This experimental farm however inspired Nathaniel Hawthorne’s classic novel, “The Blithedale Romance’ (1852).
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Feminists
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A person who supports feminism. Mainly women who fought for women rights around the globe. They fought for political, social, and economic equality to men.
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Margaret Fuller
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Father offered her a vigorous education as if she was a boy. Didn’t let her read the books that normal females read at the time, she read real (men) books. Her mother taught her common household chores like cleaning and sewing. She was a transcendentalist, literary critic, editor, journalist, teacher, and political activist. Many highly esteemed people like Emerson, Thoreau, Greeley, the Alcotts, and the Peabody sisters admired her. She taught for a while, was a critic for the New York Tribune, and was an editor for The Dial, a transcendentalist journal, founded by Emerson. Her job at the NY Tribune increased her awareness of urban poverty, and strengthened her commitment to social justice and to the causes that most concerned her: prison reform, Abolitionism, Women’s Suffrage, and educational and political quality for minorities. 1846 she went to Europe as a foreign correspondent for the Tribute but once she was introduced to the leader of the Italian Unification Movement, she soon em
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Utopian communities
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By the utopian spirit of the age, many communistic communities/experiments were set up. They were set up in hope of bettering the human. However although there were many different attempts at these communities they all eventually failed due to competition with democratic free enterprise and free land.
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Shakers
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One of the longest-lived sects of these Utopian communities. It was led by Mother Ann Lee and began to set up religious communities in in the 1770s. In 1840 they attained a membership of about six thousand but since their monastic customs prohibited both marriage and sexual relations, they were practically extinct by 1940.
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Robert Own; New Harmony
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1825 Robert Owen, a Welsh industrialist, bought the community of New Harmony on the frontier in Indiana, in the hope to establish a model community where education and social equality would flourish. His experiment was known as the “community of Equality”. He bought the property with his business partner, William Maclure who was a wealthy and well-respected geologist. He attracted many well-known scholars of the early 19th century. By 1827 the experiment failed due to persona; conflicts, and the inadequacies of the community to handle labor and agriculture. However despite its failure, Owen’s experiment contributed to American scientific and educational theory, study and practice.
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Joseph Henry Noyes; Oneida community
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Another radical experiment created by Joseph Henry Noyes and founded in New York in 1848.The people who lived there practiced free love (“complex marriage”), birth control (through “male continence”), and the eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. This community flourished a little over thirty years, mainly because its artisans made amazing steel traps and Oneida Community (silver) plate.
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Horace Greeley
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Was the owner and editor of the New York Tribune. The newspaper was founded in 1841. It was very influential in shaping the publics opinion-even outside of NY. Horace Greely was also very strongly against slavery.
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Hudson River School
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It was not an actual school but a pure, new, American style of painting. It usually consisted of bright, airy, uplifting landscapes. The whole style was based after romanticism and it made people appreciate the land they lived on more.
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Washington Irving
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Born in Yew York City, he was the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure and the first general writer. Used traditions from New Netherland. He wrote many books caricaturizing the Dutch and Americans. In 1809, he wrote his Knickbocker’s History of New York. In 1819-1829, he published The Sketch Boo, which brought him immediate fame both at home and abroad. He used English and American themes. He was able to achieve worldwide fame and to make New World themes respectable. He also wrote “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hallow.”
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James Fenimore Cooper
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The first American novelist. He married into a wealthy family and only started writing after his wife challenged him to write a good book. His first attempt failed but by 1821 he was at the beginning of his successful career with his second novel, The Spy-a tale about the American Revolution. His real fame came from Leatherstocking Tales, which included The Last of the Mohicans- was popular in Europe.
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