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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tense |
Express the time an action occurs in relation to the moment of speaking Past, Present, Future Different verbforms, -s, -ed, will be going to, Also signaled by time adverbs e.g yesterday, tomorrow, at noon e.t.c |
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Aspect |
Express how the speaker veiws the action. Completed - Perfect, have + past participle (-ed). Incomplete - Imperfect Repeated - Iterative Occurring regularly - Habitual Ongoing - Progressive, be + present participle (-ing). |
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Lexical aspects/semantic properties. Stative verbs. |
Describes states or situations rather than actions Continuous and unchanging (emotional, physical, cognitive). Do not have an end point. Occur with start/stop but not finish. -Stopped loving - OK - Finished loving - NOT OK Do not normally occur in progressive form. -She is having a car - NOT OK Cannot occur with most manner adverbs. -She understood methodically - NOT OK Possible to ask how long have/has. -How long have you known/needed/owned? |
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Lexical aspects/semantic properties. Activity verbs. |
Expresses actions that go on for a potentially indefinite period of time. The actions are constant. Run, swim, walk. Or involve an inherent change. Decline, develop, grow. Atelic, lacking an end point. Possible to ask the question -How long did....? -How long did it grow? |
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Lexical aspects/semantic properties. Achievement verbs. |
Describes an action that occurs instantaniously. Either punctually (bounce, kick, hit) or as a change of state (find (a solution) or cross (the finish line)). Change of state actions involve a preliminary activity that is terminatedby the achievement verb. Telic, have an end point. Both instantanious and change of state. Usually cannot occur with start/stop. -He started catching the kitten. NOT OK. Possible to ask the questions -At what time did... and -How long did it take to Punctual verbs in progressive form is understood as meaning repeated -He is kicking the tire Change of state may/may not occur in progressive aspect form depending on whether the activity leading up to the action is treated as being the same activity. -His train is arriving at noon. OK -She is recognizing the theif. NOT OK |
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Lexical aspects/semantic properties. Accomplishment verbs. |
Have a termination logical in terms of their action. -Build (a house) or -paint (a picture). Telic, have an end point. Since their action goes on for a certain amount of time and ends with completion, questions like -How long did it take to... is possible. Can occur with start/stop/finish. If stopped, accomplishment does not occur. Subject preforms the action in a certain amount of time not for. -They build the stadium in less than a year. OK -They build the stadium for less than a year. NOT OK |
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Lexical aspects/semantic properties. Expressing more than one type of action. Reason #1 |
Verbs can be seen as belonging to two semantic classes -I see poorly - Stative verb -I see a parking spot over there - Achievement verb |
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Lexical aspects/semantic properties. Expressing more than one type of action. Reason #2 |
Verbs meaning can change when constituents are added to the sentence they appear in. e.g. Activity verbs can express accomplishments. -He ran - activity -He ran to the post office - PP added results in it expressing accomplishment. NOT ALL PP'S HAVE THIS EFFECT Adding an object NP can also have this effect. -He sang a song. Noncount nouns/Plural count nouns = activity. Singular/Plural count nouns + article/numerals = accomplishment. |
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The simple tenses - Simple present. |
Represented by third person singular -s inflection on verbs. Expresses; States. Habitual actions (+time expressions). General statements of facts or scientific truths (scientific truths usually use stative verbs such as be, exist, equal and so on, or change of state verbs, boil, grow, expand). Future action (accompanied by time expressions e.g at eight o'clock). -The bus leaves at eight o'clock. Additional uses (less frequent). Conversational historical present. Describing action in the past. Narrative present. For plot synopses. Stage and screen play direction. Communication verbs tell/say. |
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The simple tenses -Simple past. |
Represented by the -ed ending on regular verbs. Expressing actions prior to the time of speaking. Additional uses; Reported speech. Unreal conditions. Polite requests and questions. |
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Future time. |
Can be expressed by; Will + verb. -He will get on a plane... Be going to + verb. -He's going to leave tomorrow... The simple present with a time expression. -The bus leaves at 8:30. The present progressive. -That film you like so much is playing at the theater next week. Be about to + verb. -He is about to leave. Be to + verb. -You are to stay until ten o'clock. |
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Progressive Aspect. |
Formed with be + present participle (-ing), combines with present/past/future to express ongoing action at different times. Present progressive expresses ongoing action at the time of speaking. -She's working on the report right now. Past progressive expresses ongoing action in the past, including in relation to another action. -He was shopping while I was making dinner -She was tossing and turning all night long. Future progressive expresses ongoing action in the (often near) future. -That was such and unexpected upset that all true sports fans will be duscussing it for years. |
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Progressive Aspect- Additional meanings. |
Expressing planned future events. -She's flying to Paris tomorrow. Expressing habitual actions (with adverbs such as always and forever). -She's always calling me at night... Additional meaning with stative verbs Conveying emotional intensity. -This is costing me a lot of money. Focusing on change from the norm. -You're being very difficult today. Focusing on evolving change. -He's looking worse every minute. Providing an informal, polite tone. -We're hoping you can solve this problem for us. Hedging, or softening, a definite opinion. I'm thinking that I should pass on that. |
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Perfect Aspect - Lexical Aspects. |
Formed with have + past participle (-ed). Several meanings depending on the lexical aspect of the verb. With stative/activity verbs: Expresses a situation that started in the past and continues to the present. -I have lived Geneva for over 35 years. With achievement (and some accomplishment) verbs: Expresses a recently completed action. -Guess what? Joan's won the lottery. -Al Gore has just written a book that contains... With accomplishment verbs: Expresses an action that occurred at an unspecified time and has current relevance. -The value of that stock has tripled over the past year. With activity verbs involving inherent change: Expresses an action that occurred over a period of time completed at the time of speaking. |
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Perfect Aspect - Past Perfect. |
Past perfect expresses a past event completed prior to another past event or past time. Sentences with the past perfect often have a main clause and a subordinate clause introduced by after, before, by the time (that), when and so on. -Tom had already washed the dishes [when Lucy asked if she could help him]. Past perfect also expresses speculations about unfulfilled conditions in conterfacual conditionals. -I would have called him if I had his number. |
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Perfect Aspect - Future Perfect. |
Future perfect expresses an action that will be completed prior to or by some specified future time. -He will have read the entire book by five o'clock. Future perfect can also express states that will have endured for a period of time as measured at some future time. -They will have been married for 35 years this December. |
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Perfect Progressive. |
Combines both progressive and perfect with present/past/future. |
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Present Perfect Progressive. |
Expresses ongoing past actions that continues up to the present. Often occurs with time expressions beginning with for and since. -He's been taking lessons for about three weeks. |
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Past perfect progressive. |
Expresses a past ongoing action that happens prior to another past action/time. A subordinate clasue, beginning with, e.g., when, often marks a past action that is related in some way. -She had been working on her paper for over an hour when Jack came home. |
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Future Perfect Progressive. |
Expresses and action that will continue in the future up to some specific time. That time is frequently indicated in a subordinate clause beginning with when or by (the time). When she finally lands in Australia, she will have been traveling for over 14 hours. |
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Reported Speech. |
Reported speech changes the tense in spoken speech by a sequence of tense rules. Tense shift normally occur by what is know as backshifting. A shift is not necessary if: The original statement is a general truth. The speaker is reporting something that is still true. The speaker is reporting something still possible for the future. The speaker repeats something he/she just said. |
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Reported Speech - Simple Present |
Simple present becomes simple past. - Al said, "I like her." (Simple present). -Al said (that) he liked her. (Simple past). |
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Reported Speech - Present Progressive |
Present progressive becomes past progressive. -Joan said, "I'm working on my book." (Present progressive). -Joan said she was working on her book |
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Reported Speech - Modal Auxiliaries. |
Certain modal auxiliaries are also backshifted May (for possibility) becomes might. May (for premission) becomes could. Can becomes could. Will becomes would. Must becomes had to. |
