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66 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Arthrology
study of the structure and function of joints
Joint
any location where two or more bones articulate
Synonym for joint
articulation
2 classifications of joints
Functional groups (3)
Structural Groups (4)
3 types of Functional groups of joints
no movement
some movement
free movement
4 types of Structural joints
bony fusion
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Synarthroses
immovable joints where bones are closely fitted together or surrounded by a strong ligament
3 types of Synarthroses
Fibrous joints
Synchondroses
Synostoses
2 types of Fibrous joints (Synarthroses)
Sutures (occur in skull where bones interlock)

Gomphosis (socket of alveolar bone jaw/teeth)
Synchondroses (Synarthroses)
cartilage between bones making up the joints ex: (epiphyseal plate and cartilage between ribs and sternum)
Synostoses (Synarthroses)
formed by fusion of bones
ex: (frontal bone, coxal bone, mandible bone)
Amphiarthroses
joints held together by strong connective tissue capable only of MINIMAL movement
2 types of Amphiarthroses
Syndesmoses
Synphyses
Syndesmoses (Amphiarthroses)
occur between parallel bones of forearm and of lower leg
ligament of fibrous connective tissue forms band that wraps around the bones
Symphyses
fibrocartilage between articulating bones
ex: (intervertebral discs, and where coxal bones unite at pubis)
Diarthroses
bones are separated by membrane-lined cavity
allows free movement
Type of Diarthrosis
Synovial joints
Types of planes for Synovial (Diarthroses) joints
Monaxial (elbow)
Biaxial (wrist up and down and side to side)
Triaxial (ball-and-socket joints of shoulder and hip
Nonaxial (also multiaxial) glide joints where bones move slightly in a variety of directions
Structural Classification of Joints
Bony Fusion
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Bony Fusion
where bones fuse together (no movement)
ex: (frontal bone)
Fibrous joints
strong fibrous connective tissue between articulating bones and little movement occurs
3 types:
suture synarthroses
gomphosis synarthrosis
syndemosis amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous joints
cartilage between bones
hyaline or fibrocartilage
synchondrosis - = between ribs and sternum (hyaline)
pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc = (fibrocartilage)
Synovial joints
joint cavity lined by synovial membrane (free moving)
3 types:
monaxial
biaxial
triaxial
Arthritis
disease that destroys synovial joints by damaging articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease when immune system attacks cartilage and synovial membrane of the joint
more common in smaller joints of hand
Osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease that often occurs due to age and wearing of the joint tissues
occurs in knee and hip joints
Figure 16.1 p.215
medullary cavity
spongy bone
periosteum
fibrous joint capsule
synovial membrane
articular cartilages
joint cavity w/ synovial fluid
compact bone
bursa
similar to synovial fluid except instead of lining a joint cavity, it provides padding between bones and other structures
articular capsule
periosteum of each bone that specifically encases a synovial joint
6 Types of Diarthroses
Gliding Joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Ellipsoid joints
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Gliding joint
where flat articular surfaces (wrist) slide by neighboring bones
nonaxial movement
also found in sternum and between tarsals
Hinge joint
elbow,finger,toes,knees
open like a door hinge
monaxial
Pivot joints
permit one bone to rotate around another
shaking head "no" btw first 2 cervical vertebrae
monaxial
Ellipsoid joints
convex surface that articulates with a concave depression
biaxial movement
ex: forearm and wrist
Saddle joint
only at junction between thumb metacarpus and trapezium bone of wrist
biaxial
Ball-and-socket joint
spherical head of one bone fits into a cup shaped fossa of another
humerus and scapula
triaxial
Flexion
decreases angle between articulating bones
Extension
increases angle between bones
Hyperextension
moves body beyond anatomical position
Abduction
movement away from midline of body
Adduction
movement toward midline
Circumduction
circular movement of ball-and-socket joint (as in whole shoulder, not wrist)
Rotation
turning movement of bones at a joint
Lateral rotation and medial rotation
ball-and-socket joints and at radioulnar joint
turn the rounded head of one bone in the socket of another bone
supination
moves palm into anatomical position
(how you hold a bowl of soup!)
pronation
movement that moves palm to face posteriorly
eversion
lateral movement of ankle to move foot so that toes point away from body's midline
inversion
moving soles medially so toes point toward midline
dorsi flexion
walk on your heels (soles are raised off floor, angle between ankle and foot is decreased)
plantar flexion
moves foot so that you can walk on your tiptoes
angle between ankle and tibia/fibula is increased
opposition
touching thumb pad with pad of little finger
retraction
move structure posteriorly (mandible)
protraction
moves structure anteriorly (move mandible forward)
depression
lowers bones (mandible)
elevation
CLOSING MOUTH (raising/closing mouth/mandible)
lateral flexion
bending of vertebral column from side to side
occurs in cervical and lumbar regions specifically
Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments of the elbow
reinforce lateral aspects
annular ligament of elbow
holds radial head in position to pivot
lateral and medial meniscus of knee
pad area between bondyles of femur and tibia
7 ligaments of knee
occur in 3 pairs and single patellar ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
medial support
Fibular collateral ligament
lateral support
Popliteal ligaments (2)
extend form head of femur to fibula and tibia to support POSTERIOR of knee
Anterior & Posterior Cruciate ligaments
form cross and located INSIDE articular capsule
Patellar ligament
attaches inferior aspect of the pateall to the tibial tuberosity adding anterior support to the knee
Patellar reinaculae
Cords of ligaments that contribute to ANTERIOR support of knee