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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Arthrology
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study of the structure and function of joints
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Joint
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any location where two or more bones articulate
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Synonym for joint
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articulation
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2 classifications of joints
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Functional groups (3)
Structural Groups (4) |
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3 types of Functional groups of joints
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no movement
some movement free movement |
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4 types of Structural joints
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bony fusion
fibrous cartilaginous synovial |
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Synarthroses
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immovable joints where bones are closely fitted together or surrounded by a strong ligament
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3 types of Synarthroses
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Fibrous joints
Synchondroses Synostoses |
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2 types of Fibrous joints (Synarthroses)
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Sutures (occur in skull where bones interlock)
Gomphosis (socket of alveolar bone jaw/teeth) |
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Synchondroses (Synarthroses)
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cartilage between bones making up the joints ex: (epiphyseal plate and cartilage between ribs and sternum)
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Synostoses (Synarthroses)
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formed by fusion of bones
ex: (frontal bone, coxal bone, mandible bone) |
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Amphiarthroses
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joints held together by strong connective tissue capable only of MINIMAL movement
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2 types of Amphiarthroses
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Syndesmoses
Synphyses |
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Syndesmoses (Amphiarthroses)
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occur between parallel bones of forearm and of lower leg
ligament of fibrous connective tissue forms band that wraps around the bones |
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Symphyses
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fibrocartilage between articulating bones
ex: (intervertebral discs, and where coxal bones unite at pubis) |
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Diarthroses
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bones are separated by membrane-lined cavity
allows free movement |
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Type of Diarthrosis
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Synovial joints
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Types of planes for Synovial (Diarthroses) joints
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Monaxial (elbow)
Biaxial (wrist up and down and side to side) Triaxial (ball-and-socket joints of shoulder and hip Nonaxial (also multiaxial) glide joints where bones move slightly in a variety of directions |
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Structural Classification of Joints
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Bony Fusion
Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints |
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Bony Fusion
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where bones fuse together (no movement)
ex: (frontal bone) |
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Fibrous joints
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strong fibrous connective tissue between articulating bones and little movement occurs
3 types: suture synarthroses gomphosis synarthrosis syndemosis amphiarthroses |
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Cartilaginous joints
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cartilage between bones
hyaline or fibrocartilage synchondrosis - = between ribs and sternum (hyaline) pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc = (fibrocartilage) |
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Synovial joints
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joint cavity lined by synovial membrane (free moving)
3 types: monaxial biaxial triaxial |
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Arthritis
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disease that destroys synovial joints by damaging articular cartilage
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease when immune system attacks cartilage and synovial membrane of the joint
more common in smaller joints of hand |
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Osteoarthritis
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degenerative joint disease that often occurs due to age and wearing of the joint tissues
occurs in knee and hip joints |
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Figure 16.1 p.215
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medullary cavity
spongy bone periosteum fibrous joint capsule synovial membrane articular cartilages joint cavity w/ synovial fluid compact bone |
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bursa
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similar to synovial fluid except instead of lining a joint cavity, it provides padding between bones and other structures
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articular capsule
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periosteum of each bone that specifically encases a synovial joint
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6 Types of Diarthroses
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Gliding Joints
Hinge joints Pivot joints Ellipsoid joints Saddle joint Ball-and-socket joint |
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Gliding joint
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where flat articular surfaces (wrist) slide by neighboring bones
nonaxial movement also found in sternum and between tarsals |
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Hinge joint
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elbow,finger,toes,knees
open like a door hinge monaxial |
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Pivot joints
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permit one bone to rotate around another
shaking head "no" btw first 2 cervical vertebrae monaxial |
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Ellipsoid joints
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convex surface that articulates with a concave depression
biaxial movement ex: forearm and wrist |
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Saddle joint
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only at junction between thumb metacarpus and trapezium bone of wrist
biaxial |
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Ball-and-socket joint
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spherical head of one bone fits into a cup shaped fossa of another
humerus and scapula triaxial |
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Flexion
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decreases angle between articulating bones
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Extension
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increases angle between bones
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Hyperextension
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moves body beyond anatomical position
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Abduction
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movement away from midline of body
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Adduction
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movement toward midline
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Circumduction
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circular movement of ball-and-socket joint (as in whole shoulder, not wrist)
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Rotation
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turning movement of bones at a joint
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Lateral rotation and medial rotation
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ball-and-socket joints and at radioulnar joint
turn the rounded head of one bone in the socket of another bone |
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supination
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moves palm into anatomical position
(how you hold a bowl of soup!) |
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pronation
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movement that moves palm to face posteriorly
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eversion
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lateral movement of ankle to move foot so that toes point away from body's midline
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inversion
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moving soles medially so toes point toward midline
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dorsi flexion
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walk on your heels (soles are raised off floor, angle between ankle and foot is decreased)
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plantar flexion
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moves foot so that you can walk on your tiptoes
angle between ankle and tibia/fibula is increased |
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opposition
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touching thumb pad with pad of little finger
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retraction
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move structure posteriorly (mandible)
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protraction
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moves structure anteriorly (move mandible forward)
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depression
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lowers bones (mandible)
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elevation
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CLOSING MOUTH (raising/closing mouth/mandible)
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lateral flexion
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bending of vertebral column from side to side
occurs in cervical and lumbar regions specifically |
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Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments of the elbow
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reinforce lateral aspects
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annular ligament of elbow
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holds radial head in position to pivot
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lateral and medial meniscus of knee
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pad area between bondyles of femur and tibia
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7 ligaments of knee
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occur in 3 pairs and single patellar ligament
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Tibial collateral ligament
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medial support
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Fibular collateral ligament
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lateral support
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Popliteal ligaments (2)
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extend form head of femur to fibula and tibia to support POSTERIOR of knee
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Anterior & Posterior Cruciate ligaments
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form cross and located INSIDE articular capsule
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Patellar ligament
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attaches inferior aspect of the pateall to the tibial tuberosity adding anterior support to the knee
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Patellar reinaculae
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Cords of ligaments that contribute to ANTERIOR support of knee
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