Chapter 16: Genitourinary System

Front 1

Bowman's capsule

Back 1

cup-shaped end of renal tubule containing the glomerulus

Front 2

calyx

Back 2

cup-shaped part of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules

Front 3

catheter

Back 3

a hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity or vessel to allow instilling or withdrawing fluid

Front 4

cortex

Back 4

the outer layer of the kidney

Front 5

glomerulus

Back 5

collection of coiled intertwined capillaries located in the kidney cortex

Front 6

kidneys

Back 6

two organs on the posterior abdominal wall that filter the blood, excreting the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine, and regulating body mineral levels

Front 7

meatus

Back 7

an opening or tunnel through any part of the body , as in the urinary meatus, which is the external opening of the urethra

Front 8

medulla

Back 8

the inner layer of the kidney

Front 9

nephron

Back 9

the structural and functional unit of the kidney, the parenchyma, numbering about a million and capable of forming urine

Front 10

renal artery

Back 10

one of a pair of large arteries branching from the abdominal aorta to supply blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters

Front 11

renal pelvis

Back 11

the funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter

Front 12

renal tubule

Back 12

long, twisted tube leading from glomerulus to collecting ducts

Front 13

renal vein

Back 13

one of two large veins that carries blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

Front 14

ureter

Back 14

the tubular structure through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

Front 15

urethra

Back 15

the passage through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the body exterior

Front 16

urinary bladder

Back 16

musculomembranous sac that stores urine, receiving it through the ureters and discharging it through the urethra

Front 17

urinary meatus

Back 17

opening of the urethra to the exterior

Front 18

azoturia

Back 18

excess urea (or other nitrogen compounds) in urine

Front 19

calculus (renal) (pl. calculi)

Back 19

kidney stone(s)

Front 20

cystitis

Back 20

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Front 21

dialysate

Back 21

a solution of water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood; also called "bath"

Front 22

"floating kidney"

Back 22

a kidney not securely fixed in the usual location because of birth defect or injury

Front 23

glomerulonephritis

Back 23

nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli

Front 24

hydronephrosis

Back 24

distention of the renal pelvis with urine, caused by obstruction of the ureter

Front 25

nephrolithiasis

Back 25

a condition marked by the presence of renal calculi (stones)

Front 26

nephroptosis

Back 26

downward displacement of a kidney

Front 27

nephrorrhaphy

Back 27

suture of the kidney

Front 28

peritonitis

Back 28

inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity)

Front 29

pyelitis

Back 29

inflammation of the renal pelvix

Front 30

renal failure

Back 30

kidney fails to function normally, e.g. in excretion of body waste

Front 31

renal transplant

Back 31

transferring a kidney surgically from one person to another to replace a diseased structure

Front 32

uremia

Back 32

the retention of toxic body waste in blood

Front 33

ureterostomy (u-re'-ter-os-to-me)

Back 33

creation of a new outlet for a ureter through the abdominal wall to the outside

Front 34

urethritis

Back 34

inflammation of the urethra

Front 35

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Back 35

an infection of the urinary tract

Front 36

Wilm's tumor

Back 36

a malignant tumor of the kidney, usually affecting children under age of 5 years

Front 37

albuminuria

Back 37

abnormal presence of serum albumin (protein) in the urine

Front 38

anuria

Back 38

no urine produced

Front 39

bacteriuria

Back 39

bacteria in the urine

Front 40

bladder distention

Back 40

full urinary bladder

Front 41

blood chemistries

Back 41

blood tests for kidney function, especially blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine

Front 42

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 42

the urea (in terms of nitrogen) concentration of serum or plasma; an important indicator of renal function

Front 43

catheterization

Back 43

passage of a catheter (tube) into the bladder to relieve bladder distention or for other purposes

Front 44

Clinitest

Back 44

popular test for urine glucose or other substances

Front 45

continent

Back 45

able to control urination (and/or defecation)

Front 46

cystoscopy

Back 46

visual examination of the urinary tract with a cystoscope

Front 47

diuresis

Back 47

increased excretion of urine

Front 48

dysuria

Back 48

painful or difficult urination

Front 49

enuresis

Back 49

uncontrolled urination while sleeping (bed-wetting)

Front 50

frequency (urgency)

Back 50

desire to urinate at short intervals, but discharging small amounts because of reduced bladder capacity

Front 51

glycosuria

Back 51

high level of sugar, especially glucose, in urine

Front 52

hematuria

Back 52

the presence of blood in urine

Front 53

incontinent

Back 53

inability to control urination (and/or defecation)

Front 54

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Back 54

a technique in radiology for examining the structures and evaluation the function of the urinary system

Front 55

I & O

Back 55

intake and output; the amount of fluids (usually) ingested and excreted in a given period of time, measured and charted

Front 56

ketonuria

Back 56

excessive amounts of ketone bodies in urine

Front 57

KUB

Back 57

abbreviation for kidney, ureter, and bladder

Front 58

micturate

Back 58

urinate

Front 59

nocturia, nycturia

Back 59

excessive urination at night

Front 60

oliguria

Back 60

excreting a small amount of urine

Front 61

polydipsia

Back 61

excessive thirst

Front 62

pyuria

Back 62

pus in the urine

Front 63

retrograde pyelogram (pi-e-lo-gram')

Back 63

a technique in radiology for examining the structures of the collecting system of the kidneys that is especially useful in locating an obstruction in the urinary tract

Front 64

scan (renal)

Back 64

an image produced after the patient is injected with a radioactive substance; it determines kidney shape and function

Front 65

Testape

Back 65

special paper that changes color when dipped in urine

Front 66

ultrasonography

Back 66

imaging body structures by recording the echoes of high-frequency sound waves reflected by body tissues on a paper or other device

Front 67

urinalysis (UA)

Back 67

analysis of the urine, e.g., acidity, sugar level

Front 68

urinary retention

Back 68

inability to urinate for various reasons; body retains urine waste

Front 69

vesico-

Back 69

a combining form meaning "pertaining to the bladder"

Front 70

void

Back 70

to empty the bladder, urinate

Front 71

Cowper's glands

Back 71

pea-sized glands that secrete lubricating fluid during intercourse; also called bulbourethral glands

Front 72

glans penis

Back 72

tip of the penis

Front 73

gonad

Back 73

the male sex glands called the testes (plural) or testicle (singular)

Front 74

penis

Back 74

the organ of copulation

Front 75

perineum

Back 75

area between the scrotum and anus

Front 76

prepuce

Back 76

fold of skin covering the glans penis at birth; foreskin

Front 77

prostate gland

Back 77

gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and urethra; contributes secretions that enhance sperm motility and neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions

Front 78

scrotum

Back 78

two-compartment sac outside the body that houses the testes

Front 79

seminal vesicles

Back 79

glands that secrete a thick, yellowish fluid, known as seminal fluid, into the vas deferens

Front 80

testis (pl., testes)

Back 80

one of the pair of male gonads that produce semen

Front 81

epididymis

Back 81

a duct bordering the testes for storage, transit, and maturation of spermatozoa

Front 82

vas deferens

Back 82

extension of the epididymis that joins the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory dcut

Front 83

seminal duct

Back 83

the passages for conveyance of spermatozoa and semen

Front 84

ejaculatory duct vesicle

Back 84

the duct formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle

Front 85

urethra

Back 85

opening for sperm and urine passage to the outside of the body

Front 86

accessory glands

Back 86

their secretions mix with sperm to form seminal fluid

Front 87

external genitalia

Back 87

scrotum and penis

Front 88

Bartholin's glands

Back 88

small mucus-secreting glands located near the vagina

Front 89

clitoris

Back 89

erectile tissue at junction of labia majora and labia minora; equivalent to the male penis

Front 90

hymen

Back 90

thin elastic connective tissue covering the vaginal opening

Front 91

cervix

Back 91

neck-like section at the lower end of the uterus

Front 92

fallopian tubes (oviducts)

Back 92

ducts in which fertilization occurs and passageway for ova to the uterus

Front 93

ovary

Back 93

the female gonad: either of the paired female sex glands in which ova are formed and released, and which produce the female hormones

Front 94

uterus

Back 94

cavity opening into the vagina below and into a fallopian tube on either side; organ for nourishing the fetus

Front 95

vagina

Back 95

birth canal and receptacle for copulation

Front 96

adnexa

Back 96

structures in the uterus that are next to or near another, including the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and ligaments of the uterus

Front 97

areola

Back 97

the darker pigmented, circular area surrounding the nipple of each breast; also known as the "areola mammae" or the "areola papillaris"

Front 98

labia majora

Back 98

two outer folds of skin on either side of the vaginal orifice

Front 99

labia minora

Back 99

two thin folds of skin within the folds of the labia majora

Front 100

mammary glands

Back 100

female breasts; considered accessory glands to the FRS, they are necessary for breastfeeding the infant (lactation)

Front 101

mons pubis

Back 101

mound of fatty tissue over the pubis

Front 102

perineum

Back 102

area between the vaginal orifice and anus

Front 103

vulva

Back 103

the external genitalia including the mons pubis, labia majora, clitoris, labia minora, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal orifice, Bartholin's glands, and the perineum collectively referred to as the vulva; also known as the pudendum

Front 104

balanoplasty

Back 104

surgical repair of the glans penis

Front 105

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Back 105

enlargement of the prostate gland, common among men by the age of 50 years

Front 106

circumcision

Back 106

removing foreskin, or prepuce

Front 107

cryptorchidism

Back 107

undescended testicle(s)

Front 108

epididymitis

Back 108

inflammation of the epididymis; from venereal disease

Front 109

hydrocele

Back 109

fluid collected in the testes

Front 110

opportunistic infections

Back 110

an infection occurring in a patient with decreased immunity resulting from, e.g., surgery, illnesses, and disorders such as AIDS. The organisms that cause the infection are normally non-disease-producing ones

Front 111

orchiectomy

Back 111

castration

Front 112

orchiopexy

Back 112

fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum

Front 113

orchitis

Back 113

inflammation of a testis

Front 114

prostatectomy

Back 114

excision of all or part of the prostate

Front 115

varicocele

Back 115

varicose veins near the testes

Front 116

vasectomy

Back 116

male sterilization by cutting or tying the vas deferens

Front 117

abortion (AB)

Back 117

expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable

Front 118

Bartholin's cyst or abscess

Back 118

chronic or acute inflammation of Bartholin's gland

Front 119

colporrhaphy

Back 119

suture of the vagina; to correct cystocele and rectocele

Front 120

colposcopy

Back 120

examination of the cervix by means of a colposcope

Front 121

cystocele

Back 121

hernia of the bladder into the vagina

Front 122

dilation and curettage (D&C)

Back 122

dilating the uterine cervix and using a curette to scrape the endometrium of the uterus; to diagnose disease, to correct vaginal bleeding, or to produce abortion

Front 123

endometriosis

Back 123

cells of the lining of the uterus spreading into the pelvis (peritoneal cavity)

Front 124

fibroids

Back 124

colloquial term for benign tumor (leiomyoma) of the the uterus

Front 125

fistula

Back 125

an abnormal passage between two internal organs, e.g., vesicovaginal (between bladder and vagina) fistula

Front 126

hydrosalpinx

Back 126

fluid collecting in the uterine tube, causing distention

Front 127

hysterectomy

Back 127

excision of the uterus

Front 128

hysterosalpingogram

Back 128

an x-ray film of the uterus and the fallopian tubes to allow visualization of the cavity of the uterus and the passageway of the tubes

Front 129

laparoscopy

Back 129

laparoscopic visualization of the peritoneal cavity

Front 130

leukorrhea

Back 130

a whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina

Front 131

miscarriage

Back 131

spontaneous abortion

Front 132

monilia (moniliasis)

Back 132

yeast-like fungus infection of the vagina and other body parts

Front 133

oophorectomy

Back 133

excision of one or both ovaries; female castration

Front 134

pelvic examination

Back 134

a diagnostic procedure in which the external and internal genitalia are physically examined using inspection, palpation, etc

Front 135

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Back 135

any inflammatory condition of the female pelvic organs, especially one caused by bacterial infection

Front 136

prolapse of uterus

Back 136

downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina

Front 137

salpingectomy

Back 137

excision of one or both fallopian tubes

Front 138

salpingitis

Back 138

inflammation of one or both fallopian tubes

Front 139

trichomonas infection

Back 139

inflammation of the vagina by a parasite, with itching and foul discharge

Front 140

tubal ligation

Back 140

sterilization by "tying" both fallopian tubes

Front 141

vaginal speculum

Back 141

an instrument used to dilate the vagina during a pelvic examination

Front 142

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Back 142

a fatal disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body's immune system by invading the helper T cells (T lymphocytes). HIV replicates itself in the T cell, destroying the cell, and then invades other T cells

Front 143

chlamydia

Back 143

a widespread sexually transmitted bacterial infection that invades the urethra of men and the vagina and cervix of women; the disease is asymptomatic in early stages

Front 144

genital herpes

Back 144

a highly contagious venereal disease caused by type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), although it may be caused by HSV-1, the virus associated with oral infections (cold sores). Genital herpes is transmitted by direct contact with infected body secretions; remissions and relapses occur

Front 145

genital warts

Back 145

small, fleshy growths on the external genitalia; caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and appear 1 to 6 months after exposure

Front 146

gonorrhea

Back 146

inflammation of the mucus membranes of the genital tract, affecting both males and females, caused by gonococci (berry-shaped) bacteria; passed from infected mother to infant during birth

Front 147

syphilis

Back 147

chronic, infectious disease caused by spirochete bacteria. A chancre (hard ulcer) appears on the external genitalia a few weeks after exposure; it usually develops on the penis or labia

Front 148

amniocentesis

Back 148

taking a sample of amniotic fluid during pregnancy

Front 149

amnion (BOW)

Back 149

amniotic sac; bag of waters

Front 150

amniotic fluid

Back 150

liquid produced by and contained within the fetal membranes during pregnancy that protects the fetus from trauma and temperature variations and helps maintain fetal oxygen supply. The fluid also permits freedom of fetal movement.

Front 151

anesthesia (OB)

Back 151

loss of feeling or sensation, especially the loss of pain sensation induced to permit surgery or other painful procedures

Front 152

antepartum

Back 152

period from conception to the onset of labor

Front 153

Apgar

Back 153

the evaluation of the infant's physical condition, usually performed 1 and 5 minutes after birth, based on a rating of five factors that reflect the infant's ability to adjust to extrauterine life

Front 154

bloody show

Back 154

appearance of blood forerunning labor

Front 155

caesarean (C-section)

Back 155

a surgical procedure in which the abdomen and uterus are incised and a baby is delivered

Front 156

cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)

Back 156

a condition in which the fetal head is too large for the mother's pelvis

Front 157

Coombs' test

Back 157

a blood test to diagnose hemolytic anemias in a newborn

Front 158

culdocentesis

Back 158

a clinical process using a needle to aspirate, through the vagina into the cul-de-sac area (area immediately behind the vagina), fluid for examination or diagnosis

Front 159

dystocia

Back 159

abnormal labor or childbirth

Front 160

ectopic pregnancy (extrauterine)

Back 160

pregnancy outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube

Front 161

EDC

Back 161

expected date of confinement (due date)

Front 162

effacement

Back 162

the thinning of the cervix to enlarge the diameter of its opening during childbirth in the normal process of labor

Front 163

episiotomy (e-piz'-e-ot-o-me)

Back 163

surgical incision into the perineum and/or vagina for obstetric purposes

Front 164

fetal heart tones (FHT, fht)

Back 164

the fetal heart sounds heard through the mother's abdomen in pregnancy

Front 165

forceps delivery

Back 165

applying forceps to fetal head; low or midforceps delivery according to the degree of engagement of the fetal head and high when engagement has not occured

Front 166

gestation

Back 166

period from conception to birth

Front 167

Goodell's sign

Back 167

the softening of the uterine cervix, a probably sign of pregnancy

Front 168

gravida

Back 168

a pregnant woman; gravid means "pregnant"

Front 169

ICN

Back 169

intensive care nursery

Front 170

induction

Back 170

labor is initiated artificially, e.g., by a drug

Front 171

insemination

Back 171

the depositing of seminal fluid within the vagina or cervix

Front 172

intrapartum

Back 172

period from onset of labor through first hour after delivery

Front 173

linea nigra

Back 173

a darkened vertical midline appearing on the abdomen of a pregnant woman, connecting the distance between the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis

Front 174

LMP

Back 174

last menstrual period (due date)

Front 175

lochia

Back 175

a vaginal discharge during the first week or two after childbirth

Front 176

meconium

Back 176

dark green mucilaginous material in the intestine of the full-term fetus, expelled as first stool

Front 177

multigravida

Back 177

a women who has had more than one pregnancy

Front 178

multipara

Back 178

a woman who has borne more than one viable infant

Front 179

Nagele's rule

Back 179

a formula for calculating when the baby is due or the date of birth: subtract 3 months fromt he first day of the last normal menstrual period and add 7 days to that date to arrive at the estimated due date

Front 180

neonatal period

Back 180

the first 4 weeks after birth

Front 181

obstetrical index (OB index)

Back 181

the number of pregnancies, term deliveries, abortions, and stillbirths a woman has experienced

Front 182

pelvimeter (pelvimetry)

Back 182

an instrument used to measure the capacity and diameter of the pelvis for delivery

Front 183

placenta

Back 183

organ for exchange of nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus; called the afterbirth

Front 184

postpartum

Back 184

6-week period following childbirth

Front 185

prenatal

Back 185

before birth

Front 186

presentation

Back 186

the position of a baby in utero with reference to the part of the baby that is directed toward or into the birth canal

Front 187

primipara

Back 187

a woman bearing her first viable child

Front 188

quickening

Back 188

the first movement of the fetus felt by the woman, usually between 18 and 20 weeks gestation

Front 189

stillborn (sb)

Back 189

born dead

Front 190

test-tube baby

Back 190

the fertilization of an ovum outside the uterus

Front 191

toxemia

Back 191

a group of pathologic conditions, essentially metabolic disturbances, occurring in pregnant women, manifested by hypertension, edema, etc.; may be preeclampsia or eclampsia

Front 192

trimester

Back 192

a period of 12 weeks

Front 193

ultrasonography

Back 193

a noninvasive method using reflected sound waves to detect the presence of the embryo or fetus

Front 194

vernix caseosa

Back 194

a "cheesy" white substance on the skin of the newborn

Front 195

Krystle

Back 195

has such pretty green eyes and the cutest freckles to match; looks fantastic in a sundress and wayfarers