Chapter 16, Civil War

Front 1

at start of Civil War, who is the outgoing president?

Back 1

Buchanan

Front 2

Fort Sumter

Back 2

place where Major Anderson gathered all his troops to defend fort against possible attack by the South

Front 3

commander of 3 forts in South Carolina

Back 3

Major Robert Anderson

Front 4

First shots fired against the Union

Back 4

when Buchanan sent supplies to Fort Sumter; driven off by SC army with canon fire

Front 5

Significance of Feb 4, 1861
in Montgomery, Alabama

Back 5

delegates from 6 Southern states met to create central government; adopted constitution 3 days later

Front 6

confederacy

Back 6

alliance of independent states; Confederate States of America; 11 independent states

Front 7

Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens

Back 7

Davis was elected president of Confederacy, elected by the state delegates; Stephens was the VP

Front 8

first 7 secessionist states

Back 8

South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Louisiana

Front 9

Lincoln becomes President

Back 9

inaugurated on March 4, 1861

Front 10

Lincoln's cabinet

Back 10

William Seward, Secretary of State

Front 11

first surrender by Union

Back 11

Major Anderson surrendered after Davis had Fort Sumter bombarded; start of the war

Front 12

key motivation of South to fight

Back 12

self determination and protecting their way of life

Front 13

key motivation of North to fight

Back 13

save the Union (not to abolish slavery)

Front 14

Robert E. Lee

Back 14

commander of Confederate Army; from the state of Virginia

Front 15

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

Back 15

reaffirmed friendship with the South, stressed national unity, asked Sotherners to abandon secession

Front 16

effect of news that Lincoln intended to use force against Confederacy?

Back 16

more southern states secede: Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia seceeded

Front 17

advantages that the North had

Back 17

larger population, large-scale industrialization, more resources, more weaponry, better transportation networks (railroads)

Front 18

North's naval capability

Back 18

large, efficient, had ability to build more ships; could blockade southern ports

Front 19

South's advantages

Back 19

superior military leaders, captive labor force, help from Europe, easier to fight defensive war on familiar soil; more motivated: defending way of life; more pack animals (horses, mules, donkeys)

Front 20

South's greatest weakness during the war

Back 20

1. Davis had trouble controlling the states and coordinating the war due to weak central government;
2. state governors refused to send troops across state lines
3. state legislatures refused to support Richmond with $$$

Front 21

North's disadvantages

Back 21

longer lines of communication and supply lines

Front 22

Johnny Reb

Back 22

nickname for Confederate soldier

Front 23

Billy Yank

Back 23

nickname for Union soldiers

Front 24

what made war modern?

Back 24

mass of quickly trained soldiers instead of professionals; new fighting strategies; find weak point of enemy and break through

Front 25

what factors did commanders consider important?

Back 25

geographic, economic, polical aspects of battle; preparation and information collecting key; reconnaissance

Front 26

units of the army

Back 26

cavalry, artillery, infantry

Front 27

cavalry

Back 27

key task: planning; gathered information regarding geography, troop movements, availabilty and location of supplies and reinforcements

Front 28

artillery

Back 28

manned the big guns; weakened enemy and protected retreating troups

Front 29

infantry

Back 29

did most of the fighting; regimens of 1000 soldiers (called foot soldiers)

Front 30

tools of war

Back 30

artillery, shells and rifles

Front 31

targets of attack

Back 31

troops, will to fight, civilians, productive capacity (industries)

Front 32

what was Bull Run?

Back 32

location: Manassas Junction
civilians had picnics to watch; bloodier than expected; several thousanded killed and wounded; Union fled, McDowell was the north's general.

Front 33

Lincoln's response to Bull Run?

Back 33

put George B. McClellan in charge of army

Front 34

border states

Back 34

Maryland, Deleware, Kentucky, Missouri; stayed in the Union

Front 35

habeas corpus

Back 35

Latin for "you shall have the body". Lincoln suspened the requirement to make legal charges against people that are arrested; ruled illegal by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger Taney

Front 36

illegal acts by Lincoln

Back 36

suspending habeas corpus; naval blockade of South; increased size of army; illegal voting methods

Front 37

McClellan's weaknesses

Back 37

vain, overestimated his abilities, thought Lincoln was stupid and incompetent, savior complex; overly cautious when fighting; never ready to attack

Front 38

McClellan's successes

Back 38

well trained army

Front 39

Battle of 7 Pines

Back 39

McClellan delayed attack on Richmond; Confederates attacked first; heavy losses on both sides

Front 40

Who took over for General Johnston after he was wounded at Battle of Seven Pines?

Back 40

Robert E. Lee, leader of the Army of Norther Virginia

Front 41

Seven Days Before Richmond

Back 41

After the Union was diverted to defend DC, Lee attaced McClellan with the help of Stonewall Jackson; Union lost 15k, and Confederates lost 20k; neither side victorious

Front 42

Why was mechanical reaper so important during the war?

Back 42

increased the production of crops; helped compensate for loss of farm help; Cyrus McCormick

Front 43

inflation

Back 43

price of goods rise; wages did not rise fast enough to keep up with the rising cost of goods; fortunately, work was plentiful; people could take care of themselves

Front 44

Copperheads

Back 44

people who opposed the war; most important leader was Clement Vallandigham; most supported the Democrats; sympathetic to South; secret societies (Knights of the Golden Circle; Sons of Liberty)

Front 45

How did Lincoln treat critics of the war?

Back 45

suspended right to habeas corpus; 13k Americans were held in jail without charges

Front 46

How successful was the naval blockade of the South? What goods were exchanged by the blockade runners?

Back 46

very successful; ship entrances dropped by almost 90%; cotton, farm products, guns, medicine, blankets, coffee, silks and other luxuries

Front 47

What did southerners believe cotton diplomacy would bring?

Back 47

they thought cutting off cotton to England and France would draw those countries into supporting the South in the war

Front 48

Why did southerners dislike the draft?

Back 48

draft favored the rich; rich could buy a substitute to take their place; also owners of 20 or more slaves were exempted from war

Front 49

religion in wartime

Back 49

Stonewall encourage religious revivals in his army; US Christian Commission recruited northern pastors to serve as chaplins

Front 50

slaves in the war

Back 50

South used slaves as soldiers; some fled to North (contraband) to help; could not join Union Army until 1862 with the passage of the Militia Act

Front 51

the war and free African Americans

Back 51

16 won Medal of Honor; South Carolina Regiment led by Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson of Massachusetts, whose praise had positive effects on public opinion

Front 52

women and the war

Back 52

managed business and farms; 400 hired by Federal government as clerks; worked in factories and arsenals; Clara Barton was one of the fist nurses

Front 53

facts about McClellan

Back 53

defeated Robert E. lee at the Battle of Antietam in 1862, giving Lincoln the opportunity to issue Emancipation Proclamation; was fired by Lincoln; ran for President in 1864 as a Peace Democrat but was defeated

Front 54

William Sherman

Back 54

close friend of Ulysses S. Grant; known for total war, breaking the will of the Southern people to fight; famous March To The Sea

Front 55

importance of border states

Back 55

geographical and ideological buffer between North and South; had Maryland seceded, DC would have been surrounded by Confederate territory; important economic engines for the Union bse Maryland and Deleware had so many factories; Emancipation Declaration only freed slaves in secessionist states, not loyal border states

Front 56

Second Battle of Bull Run

Back 56

North's objective to capture Richmond; Lee attacked Pope's army; Pope counterattacks; South wins; Lincoln fires Pope; gives McClellan command again;

Front 57

Antietam

Back 57

Lee made aggressive push into borders states to defeat Union on own turf; September 1862; 23k casualties; bloodiest single day of battle of the entire war; Lee forced to retreat

Front 58

Emancipation Proclamation

Back 58

issued after Antietam; freed all slaves in Confederacy; large political impact by tieing issue of slavery to retoration of the Union; Lincoln valued reunification above abolision of slavery

Front 59

Draft Riots

Back 59

Northern draft; allowed rich persons to hire substitutes or pay $300 to avoid service; poor objected to draft because they didn't want to fight for people who might take their jobs

Front 60

Battle of Shiloh

Back 60

April 1862, Grant suprised by attack of General Albert Sidney Johnston; Grant engaged Confederate forces at Shiloh, Tennessee; tens of thousands died; sent message to South that Lincoln was serious about maintaining the Union; Grant was relieved of command

Front 61

Fredericksburg

Back 61

Burnside with 120k Union soldiers attacked Lee's 75k even though South had much better field position; Burnside utterly defeated with 12k losses; resigns after battle

Front 62

Chancellorsville

Back 62

Lincoln puts Fight Joe Hooker in command of army (125k); attacked by Lee (60k); Lee wins helped by Stonewall; Stonewall wounded and dies

Front 63

Gettysburg

Back 63

inspite of loss at Antietam, Lee marches into Northern territory again; George Meade in charge of Union army; at end of 2 days, Lee charges center; Pickett leads Confederate charge; South defeated; 50k dead from both sides; Lee retreats; victory for North, catastrophe for South; Meade failed to pursue and crush the Confederate army; war lasts 2 more years

Front 64

Siege of Vicksburg

Back 64

Grant besieged Vicksburg, bombing from north of the city and then attacking from the south; Vicksburg defended by General Pemberton; Grant surrounded city until they ran out of supplies; forced them into unconditional surrender; gave Union control of Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two

Front 65

Gettysburg Address

Back 65

Lincoln commemorated the Union victory at Gettysburg

Front 66

Fort Henry

Back 66

attacked by Grant

Front 67

Fort Donelson

Back 67

attacked by Grant; terms of surrender: "immediate and unconditional surrender"

Front 68

Reorganization of the army after Vicksburg

Back 68

Grant promoted to lieutenant general and named general-in-chief of all armies of the US

Front 69

Important railway center and key Union military objective

Back 69

Chattanooga, Tennessee; Grant defeats General Braxton Bragg

Front 70

Grant and Lincoln's final plan for war

Back 70

Grant vs Lee in northern Virginia; General Sherman march from Chattanooga to northern Georgia to capture Atlanta

Front 71

Final Battles: Battle of the Wilderness

Back 71

Grant objective: have Lee run short of equipment by attacking him relentlessly; attacks by Grant: in the forest of Wilderness; Grant: 100k vs Lee's 60k soldiers; Grant's loses 18k, far more than Lee's; again at Spotsylvania Court House; 12k Union loses 1 day; next at Cold Harbor: 7k Union die in 1 hour

Front 72

Total losses in Grant vs. Lee

Back 72

one month totals:
Grant: 55k men
Lee: 31k men

Front 73

Siege of Petersburg

Back 73

Grant tries to capture it to cut of Lee's army; city was important railroad junction; siege lasts 9 months

Front 74

Sherman's March to the Sea

Back 74

with 100k men vs Johnston's 60k men; Davis replaces Johnston with General Hood; Hood attacks Sherman twice; both failed; Sherman takes Atlanta & burns it to the ground; then heads for Savannah, leaving a 60 mile wide path of destruction

Front 75

Election of 1864

Back 75

Lincoln renominated by Republicans and pro-war Democrats on a National Union ticket; his VP was Andrew Jackson; Democratic candidate was McClellan; Lincoln reelected in a landslide

Front 76

Sherman neckties

Back 76

hot twisted railroad ties wound around trees

Front 77

total war

Back 77

Sherman sought to destroy the resources of the civilian population as well as the opposing army to break their will to resist; "War is cruelty" is his response to criticism; his army destroyed large sections of S. Carolina, N. Carolina, and Richmond

Front 78

Surrender at Appomattox

Back 78

after Lee's army was cutoff while trying to escape to N. Carolina, Lee finally decided to surrender; Sunday, April 9, 1865; Lee dignified in defeat, Grant gracious in victory

Front 79

Terms of Surrender at Appomattox

Back 79

described as generous: Confederates must surrender weapons, promise to be loyal to Union, and depart in peace. Men allowed to keep horses and mules.

Front 80

Why was there no strong presidential reaction in the winter of 1861 to the secession of the Deep South?

Back 80

while Buchanan declared sucession illegal, he also said it would be illegal for the federal government to stop them. Lincoln showed no interest in dealing with problem of secession before he took office in March 4, 1861

Front 81

How did the Confederate constitution reflect the South's belief in states' rights?

Back 81

not a union, but a confederacy of independent states; guaranteed the rights of citizens to own slaves; forbid Congress from passing any law that might deny the right of property in negro slaves; Congress could not spend money until 2/3 of representatives approved; needed 2/3 votes to ammend constitution whereas US needed 3/4.

Front 82

What was Lincoln's message to the Confederacy in his first inaugural address?

Back 82

reaffirmed friendship with the South, stressed national unity, and asked Southerners to abandon secession

Front 83

Why did Lincoln wish Lee to command his army?

Back 83

had captured John Brown; owned no slaves; known for opposition to secession; top student at US Military Academy; high grades; performed well in Mexican War

Front 84

What advantages did the North have at the beginning of the Civil War?

Back 84

larger population, large-scale industrialization, more resources, more weaponry, better transportation networks (railroads); its Navy was large, efficient and could blockage southern ports

Front 85

What advantages did the South have at the beginning of the war?

Back 85

superior military leaders, captive labor force, help from Europe, easier to fight defensive war on familiar soil; stronger motivation: defending way of life; had more pack animals

Front 86

What did the Battle of Bull Run reveal about both sides?

Back 86

both sides were unexperienced and very disorganized

Front 87

In what ways was the Civil War the first modern war?

Back 87

soldiers were volunteers instead of professionals; new fighting strategies were employed such as finding the weak point of the enemy and breaking through

Front 88

What reasoning did Lincoln give for going to war?

Back 88

a nation has the right to protect itself against destruction; one secession could lead to many, and was therefore worth fighting against

Front 89

leg cases

Back 89

Union soldiers who deserted the army during battle