Chapter 16

Front 1

Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s wartime plan for reconstruction

Back 1

Jurisdictional dispute, Differing objectives.

Front 2

Description of Lincoln's plan

Back 2

In the December 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, Lincoln laid out his plan for reconstruction. He proposed a generous pardon for rebels willing to renounce secession and to accept emancipation. He required that only 10 percent of the voting population take the loyalty oath before the state could organize its own government and rejoin the Union. His plan did not specify that social or political rights or assistance should be extended to freedmen.

Front 3

Jurisdictional dispute

Back 3

Congress and the president differed over who had jurisdiction over the crafting of reconstruction. Congress held that it was a matter of establishing law, which was in the legislature's domain.

Front 4

Differing objectives

Back 4

Congress and the president had different primary objectives in their approaches to reconstruction. Lincoln's primary goal was to hasten the reestablishment of the Union and his plan was therefore intended to encourage a quick end to the war and abolition of slavery. Members of Congress wanted a clearer guarantee of freedpeople's rights and assurances that whites returned to power in the seceded states would be loyal. They objected to Lincoln's plans for reconstruction as overly lenient toward whites, and overly quiet on the central question of black rights.. Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s wartime plan for reconstruction

Hint 4

(pp. 501-506)

Front 5

What brought the elements of the South’s Republican coalition together

Back 5

African American Voters, Northerners in the south, southern white republicans, opposition

Front 6

African American voters

Back 6

The southern Republican Party was home to diverse groups. The African American voters, newly enfranchised through the efforts of the Republican Party, supported the party, which they hoped would continue to protect their interests.

Front 7

Northerners in the South

Back 7

Northerners who moved south after the war hoping to participate in the economic reconstruction of the region also supported the Republican Party.

Front 8

Southern white Republicans

Back 8

Some Southerners, especially yeomen, had remained steadfast supporters of union throughout the war. Many of these voters emerged as supporters of the Republican Party.

Front 9

Opposition

Back 9

The majority of the white population in the South opposed the Republican Party and scorned its supporters. The Republican Party therefore needed a coalition of supporters to resist the large population of opponents, especially when their resistance became violent.

Front 10

How did the Supreme Court undermine the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments

Back 10

Slaughterhouse cases amd United States v. Cruikshank and the overall implication.

Front 11

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Back 11

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in these cases weakened the Fourteenth Amendment's ability to protect black Southerners when state governments undermined their civil rights through law. The Court determined that Fourteenth Amendment protected only those rights that stemmed from the federal government, and further, that most rights derived from the state.

Front 12

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

Back 12

In this case the Court determined that the reconstruction amendments had empowered Congress to legislate only against state discrimination. In deciding that Congress had no jurisdiction to address acts of discrimination by individuals, it gave states the prerogative to handle problems like local violence.

Front 13

Overall implication

Back 13

By issuing decisions that narrowed Congressional jurisdiction, the court undermined the legal foundation of reconstruction.

Front 14

In Lincoln's plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union

Back 14

Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government

Front 15

What was the goal of the Wade-Davis bill

Back 15

To guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law

Front 16

What did former slaves hope to gain from the Reconstruction labor transformation

Back 16

Land ownership

Front 17

What did “Sherman land” and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands demonstrate to Southerners about Reconstruction

Back 17

The policies convinced ex-slaves that they would become independent landowners

Front 18

Why did many slaves travel immediately after gaining freedom

Back 18

They wanted to reunite with their families

Front 19

Who opposed President Johnson's reconstruction plan

Back 19

Republican legislators

Front 20

What was the shared emphasis of Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans

Back 20

Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

Front 21

What did President Johnson do after Mississippi's rejection of legislation that outlawed slavery and to South Carolina's refusal to renounce secession

Back 21

Johnson refused to intervene

Front 22

What was the purpose of the black codes passed in 1865

Back 22

To subordinate blacks to whites

Front 23

How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865

Back 23

Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freemen, while Radicals did

Front 24

How did the Fourteenth Amendment deal with voting rights

Back 24

It gave Congress the right to reduce an intransigent state’s representation

Front 25

Who was disappointed in the voting rights provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment

Back 25

Advocates of female suffrage

Front 26

According to the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, what did a state have to do before gaining readmission to Congress

Back 26

Write a new constitution that guaranteed black suffrage

Front 27

Andrew Johnson was impeached on what charge

Back 27

That he violated the Tenure of Office Act

Front 28

Describe the Fifteenth Amendment.

Back 28

It extended black male suffrage to the entire nation

Front 29

What was the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment

Back 29

It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states

Front 30

Who made up the majority of the Republican Party in the South in the late 1800s

Back 30

African Americans

Front 31

What types of reforms did the new southern state constitutions mandated by the Reconstruction Acts introduce

Back 31

Universal male suffrage

Front 32

What was the result of Republican campaigns for public education in the South during the Reconstruction period

Back 32

Literacy rates rose sharply across the South

Front 33

What problem plagued the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South

Back 33

Corruption

Front 34

Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor

Back 34

Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites

Front 35

What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien

Back 35

They ended up in a cycle of debt

Front 36

How did Congress respond to southern Republicans' pleas for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan

Back 36

Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875

Front 37

By 1872, many Republican leaders had come to believe that which group offered the best hope for honesty, order, and prosperity in the South

Back 37

Traditional white leadership

Front 38

What was the result of the election of 1874

Back 38

Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives

Front 39

By the early 1870s, what had happened to the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

Back 39

They had been mostly abandoned by Northerners

Front 40

Who were the Redeemers in the South

Back 40

Southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South

Front 41

What was the result of the presidential election of 1876

Back 41

Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the Electoral College

Front 42

The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877; describe the Compromise

Back 42

Southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South

Front 43

What was the result of the Compromise of 1877

Back 43

The Compromise spelled the end of Reconstruction

Front 44

Freedmen’s Bureau

Back 44

Government organization created in March 1865 to distribute food and clothing to destitute Southerners and to ease the transition of slaves to free persons. Early efforts by the Freedmen’s Bureau to distribute land to the newly freed blacks were later overturned by President Johnson.

Front 45

Black Codes

Back 45

Laws passed by state governments in the south in 1865 that sought to keep ex-slaves subordinate to whites. At the core of the black codes lay the desire to force freedmen back to the plantations.

Front 46

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Back 46

Legislation passed by Congress in 1866 that nullify the black codes and affirmed that black Americans should have equal benefit of the law. This expansion of black rights and federal authority drew a veto from President Johnson, which Congress later overrode.

Front 47

Fourteenth Amendment

Back 47

constitutional amendment passed in 1866 that made all native-born or naturalized persons U.S. citizens and prohibited states from abridging the rights of national citizens. The amendment hoped to provide guarantee of equality before the law for black citizens.

Front 48

Military Reconstruction Act

Back 48

Congressional act of March 1867 that initiated military rule of the South. Congressional reconstruction divided the ten unreconstructed Confederate states into five military districts, each under the direction of a Union general. It also established the procedure by which unreconstructed states could reenter the Union.

Front 49

Fifteenth Amendment

Back 49

Constitutional amendment passed in February 1869 prohibiting states from depriving any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” TI extended black suffrage nationwide. Woman suffrage advocates were disappointed the amendment failed to extend voting rights to women.

Front 50

Carpetbaggers

Back 50

Southerners’ pejorative term for northern migrants who sought opportunity in the South after the Civil War. Northern migrants formed an important part of the southern Republican Party.

Front 51

Scalawag

Back 51

a derogatory term that Southerners applied to southern white Republicans, who were seen as traitors to the South. Most were yeoman farmers.

Front 52

Ku Klux Klan

Back 52

a social club of Confederate veterans that quickly developed into a paramilitary organization supporting Democrats. With too few Union troops in the South to control the region, the Klan went on a rampage of violence to defeat Republicans and restore white supremacy.

Front 53

Sharecropping

Back 53

labor system that emerged in the South during reconstruction. Under this system, planters divided their plantations into small farms that freedmen rented, paying with a share of each year’s crop. Sharecropping gave blacks some freedom, but they remained independent on white landlords and county merchants.

Front 54

Redeemers

Back 54

name taken by southern Democrats who harnessed white rage in order to overthrow Republican rule and black political power and thus, they believed save southern civilization.

Front 55

Compromise of 1877

Back 55

informal agreement in which Democrats agreed not to block Hayes’s inauguration and to deal fairly with freedmen, and Hayes vowed not to use the army to uphold the remaining Republican regimes in the South and to provide the South with substantial federal subsidies for railroads. The Compromise brought the Reconstruction era to an end.