Chapter 16

Front 1

Lymphatic Pathways

Back 1

lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymphatic trunk
collecting duct
drains into subclavian vein

Front 2

Lymphatic Capillaries

Back 2

microscopic
close-ended tubes
in intersitial spaces
parallel blood capillaries
simple squamos epithelium
collects lymph

Front 3

Lymphatic Vessels

Back 3

1)lymphatic capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels
2)valves prevent backflow
3)lead to lymph nodes
4)merge into lymphatic trunks
5)named for regions they serve

Front 4

Lymphatic trunks drain into collecting ducts

Back 4

thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct

Front 5

Lymphatic Collecting Ducts * Right Lymphatic Duct*

Back 5

receives lymph from:
right side of head
right upper lim
right thoras
empties into right subclavian vein

Front 6

*Thoracic Duct*

Back 6

Large
receives lymph from everwhere else
drains into left subclavian vein

Front 7

Lymph

Back 7

1)tissue fluid that has entered a lypmhatic capillary
2)similar to plasma, but much less protein

Front 8

Lymph formation

Back 8

1)formed by filtration of water and dissolved substances in capillaries
2)similar to plasma, but much less protein
3)proteins are too large to diffuse across capillary wall

Front 9

Lymph Movements

Back 9

1)lymph flows at low pressure and speed
2)valves prevent backward flow
3)moed primarily by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels (stretching of vessels stimulates contraction)

Front 10

Lymph Movements
1)Flow aided by
2)rapidly flowing bloodstream in
3)excercise significantly increases

Back 10

1)skeletal muscle pump
2)subclavian veins, draws lymph into it
3)lymphatic return

Front 11

Lymph Nodes

Back 11

1)located along lymphatic pathway
2)contain many lymphocytes and macrophages
3)occur singly or in groups

Front 12

Major Node Groups

Back 12

1)cervical region
2)axillary region
3)inguinal region
4)pelvic cavity
5)abdominal cavity
6)thoracic cavity
7)supratrochlear region

Front 13

Functions of Lymph Nodes

Back 13

1)filter potentially harmful particles from lymph
2)immune surveillance by macrophages and lymphocytes

Front 14

Areas of Lymphocyte production

Back 14

1) with red bone marrow

Front 15

Thymus

Back 15

1)anterior to aorta
2) posterior to sternum
3)small in an adult
4)site ot T lymphocyte production

Front 16

Spleen

Back 16

1)inferior to diaphram
2)posterior and lateral to stomach
3)largest lymphatic organ
4)sinuses filled with blood

Front 17

Spleen *White Pulp*

Back 17

1)islands of tissue
2)many lymphocytes

Front 18

Spleen *Red Pulp*

Back 18

1)surround sinuses w/vessels
2)contains:
-red blood cells
-lymphocytes
-macrophages
3)removes old and damages RBCs

Front 19

Pathogen

Back 19

1)didease causing agent
2)causes infection
3)bacteria, viruses, etc.

Front 20

Two Defense Types
*Innate Defenses"

Back 20

1)nonspecific
2)protects against many pathogens

Front 21

Two Defense Types
*adaptive defenses*

Back 21

1)very precise and specific
2)target certain pathogens
3)"immunity"
4)carried out by lymphocytes

Front 22

Innate Defenses
*Species Resistance*

Back 22

1)resistance to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible
2)ex. measles, mumps

Front 23

Innate Defenses
*Mechanical Barriers*

Back 23

1)prevent entry of pathogens
2)skin, mucous membranes

Front 24

Innate Defenses
*Chemical Barriers*

Back 24

1)enzymes in various body fluids
2)pH extremes in stomach
3)high salt concentrations

Front 25

Innate Defenses
*Fever*

Back 25

1)inhibits microbial growth
2)increases phagocytic activity
3)fever is not a bad thing!

Front 26

Innate Defenses
*Inflammation*

Back 26

1)tissue response to injury
2)helps prevent spread of pathogen
3)promotes healing
4)blood vessels dilate
5)capillaries become leaky
6)white blood cells attracted to area
7)clot forms
8)fibroblasts arrive
9)destruction of foreign particles

Front 27

Innate Defenses
*Phagocytosis*

Back 27

1)neutrophils
2)monocytes
3)macrophages
4)destruction of foreing particles

Front 28

Adaptive Defense = Immunity

Back 28

1)resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metablic by-products
2)based on the ability to distinguish "self" from "non-self"
3)antigens elicit immune responses

Front 29

Antigens

Back 29

1)a cell surface marker recognized by other cells of the body
2)some cells are marked a "self" (do NOT illicit an immune response)
3)lymphatic system responds to "non-self" antigen
4)most effective are large and complex

Front 30

Lymphocyte Origin

Back 30

1)undeferintiated lymphocytes released into circulation
2)about half become T-cells in thymus
3)other remain in red marrow and differentiate into B lymphocytes
4)both travel to lymphatic organs to perform functions

Front 31

T Cells
*Cellular Immune Response*

Back 31

1)attach to foreign cells and interact directly
2)cell-to-cell contact

Front 32

Types Of T Cells
*Helper T Cell*

Back 32

1)contacts and combines w/foreign antigen
2)activates helper T Cell
3)once activated, stimulates B cells to produce antibodies

Front 33

Types of T Cells
*Cytotoxic T Cell*

Back 33

1)recognizes non-self antigens on cancerous and virus infected cells
2)becomes activated and divides
3)bind to surfaces of antigen bearing cells and destroys them
4)provides much of immune response to HIV

Front 34

Types of T Cells
*memory T cell*

Back 34

1)do not respond to antigens and 1st exposure
2)when activated by antigen, immediately divide to produce cyotoxic T cells

Front 35

B Cells

Back 35

1)most differentiate into plasma cells
2)produce antibodies ("immunoglobulins")
3)becomes activated when antigen encountered
4)B Cell divided repeatedly
5)most antigens require helper T cells for activation

Front 36

B Cells
*Humoral Immune Response*

Back 36

1)body fluids carry antibodies
2)antibodies destroy antigen bearing foreign cells

Front 37

B Cells
*Memory Cells*

Back 37

1)respond rapidly to subsequent antigen exposure

Front 38

B Cells
*Plasma Cells*

Back 38

1)antibody secreting cells
2)bind foreign antigens and destroys them

Front 39

Antibody Molecules

Back 39

1)several different types
-IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE
2)each with different function

Front 40

Antibody Actions

Back 40

1)directly attack antigens=easier for phagocytes to find and attack antigen bearing cells
2)agglutination
-clumping
3)precipitation
-form insoluble sunstances
4)activate compement proteins to attack antigens
5)stimulate changes in local environment to prevent spread of pathogen

Front 41

Immune Response
*Primary immune response*

Back 41

1)first encounter of antigen
2)low number of antibodies produced
3)Ab appear 5-10 days after exposure

Front 42

Immune Response
*Secondary immune response*

Back 42

1)B memory and T memory cells respond rapidly to antigens previously encountered
2)produce Ab within 1-2 days

Front 43

Practical Classification of Immunity
*naturally acquired active immunity*

Back 43

1)person exposed to antigen and develops disease
2)resistance is response to primary immune response

Front 44

Practical Classification of Immunity
*artificially acquired active immunity*

Back 44

1)exposure to vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens, or their components
2)immune system stimulated w/o disease

Front 45

Practical Classification of Immunity
*naturally acquired passive immunity*

Back 45

1)antibodies passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy

Front 46

Practical Classification of Immunity
*artificially acquired passive immunity*

Back 46

1)person is injected with already made antibodies
2)usually obtained from person who already developed immunity to particular disease

Front 47

Tissues That Are Transplanted

Back 47

-corneas
-kidneys
-liver
-pancreases
-hearts
-bone marrow
-skin

Front 48

Tissues That Are Transplanted
*tissue rejection reaction*

Back 48

1)resembles cellular immune response against antigens
2)important to math MHC antigens
3)immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection

Front 49

Graft Types
1)Isograft
2)Autograft
3)Allograft
4)Xenograft

Back 49

1)identical twin
2)self
3)same species
4)different species

Front 50

Autoimmunity

Back 50

1)inability to distinguish "self" from "non-self"

Front 51

Autoimmunity
*autoimmune disorders*

Back 51

1)type I diabetes
2)hemolytic anemia
3)rheumatic fever
4)rheumatic arthritis
5)lupus

Front 52

Immunity Breakdown: AIDS

Back 52

1)recurrent fever
2)weakness
3)weight loss
4)caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Front 53

Immunity Breakdown: AIDS
*HIV impair macrophages and helper T Cells*

Back 53

1)normal TH count is 600-1,200 cells/uL of blood
2)AIDS it is<200 cells/uL

Front 54

Immunity Breakdown: AIDS

Back 54

1)tricks cells to internalize virus
2)later in infection, HIV impairs cyotoxic T Cells
3)HIV mutates quickly
4)immune system cannot keep up with HIV