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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the regulation of hormone secretion?
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1. Control of secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop called endocrine reflexes 2. simplest mechanism- when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its target cells 3. endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by another gland 4. endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by nervous system input
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Control of secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop called
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endocrine reflexes
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What is the simplest mechanism
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when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its target cells
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endocrine gland secretion mya also be regulated by
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a hormone produced by another gland
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What fact emphasizes the close functional relation between the two systems
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endocrine gland secretion may be influenced by nervous system
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Sensitivity of target cells depends in part on
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number of receptors
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What is aka as hypophysis
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pituitary gland
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What is the size & wieght of pituitary gland?
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1.2-1.5 cm across 0.5 grams (1.60oz)
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Where is the pituitary gland
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on the ventral surface of the brain within the skull
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What is the stemlike stalk that connects pituitary to the hypothalamus?
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Infundibulum
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The pituitary gland is composed of 2 separate glands. What are they?
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adenohypophysis (anterior pituitrary gland) & neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)
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What is the anterior pituitary gland?
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adenohypophysis
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What is the posterior pituitary gland?
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neurohypophysis
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What are the 5 functional types of secretory cells?
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somatotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotrophs, and gonadotrophs
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What secretes growth hormones?
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somatotrophs
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What secretes adrenocortiocotropic?
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Corticotrophs
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What secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone?
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thyrotrophs
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What secretes prolactin?
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lactotrophs
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What secretes lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone?
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gonadotrophs
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What is aka growth hormone?
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somatotropin
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What promotes bone growth,muscle, and other tissues by accelerating amino acid transport into the cells?
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growth hormone in pituitary gland
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What stimulates fat metabolism by mobilizing lipids from storage in adipose cells and speeding up catabolism of the lipids after they have entered another cell?
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growth hormone
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What tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased blood glucose levels?
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Growth hormone
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What functions as an insulin anatagonist and is vital to maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels?
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growth hormone
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What is aka as prolactin?
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Lactogenic hormone
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During pregnancy, what promotes development of breasts, anticipating milk secretion?
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prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
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What after the baby is born stimulates the mothers mammary glands to produce milk?
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prolactin
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What has a stimulus effect on other endocrine glands?
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Tropic hormones
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What are the tropic hormones?
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenocorticotropin), follicle-stimulating hormone, & luteinizing hormone
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What promotes & maintains the growth & development of the thyroid; causes the thyroid to secrete its hormone
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin),
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What promotes and maintains normal growth & development of the cortex of the adrenal gland; stimulated the adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones?
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenocorticotropin),
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In female, this stimulates primary graafian follicles to grow toward maturity?
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follicle -stimulating hormone
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In males, this stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens and stimulates the development of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and maintains spermatogenesis
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follicle- stimulating hormone
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In the female, this stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary?
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Luteinizing hormone
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What does corpus luteum secrete when stimulated?
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progesterone
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What also supports follicle-stimulating hormone in stimulating maturation of follicles?
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luteinzing hormone
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In males, this stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop & secrete testosterone?
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Luteinzining hormone
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Progesterone and estrogen are called what because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads
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gonadotropins
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What serves as a storage & release site for antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are synthesized in the hypothalamus?
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neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
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Release of antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin into the blood is controlled by nervous stimulation in the
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neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
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What prevents to formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body conseve water?
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antidiuretic hormone
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What causes a portion of each tubule i nthe kidney to reabsorb water from the urine being formed?
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antidiuretic hormone
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What does dehydration triggers its release?
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antidiuretic hormone
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aka arginine vasopressin
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antidiuretic hormone
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because it stimulates a rise in blood pressure, partly by increasing contraction in small arteries is called what?
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antidiuretic hormone
aka arginine vasopressin |
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Oxytocin has two actions. What are they
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1. causes milk ejection from lactating breast 2. stimulates contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during childbirth
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What is the tiny,pine cone shaped structure located on the dorsal aspect of the brain's diencephalon?
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pineal gland
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What is a member of the nervouse system because it receives visual stimuli and also a member of endocrine system because it secretes hormones?
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pineal gland
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The thyroid is composed of
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2 large lateral lobes and a narrow connecting isthmus
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What is a thin wormlike projection of thyroid tissue often extends upward from the isthmus?
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thyroid gland
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What is the weight of thyroid gland in an adult?
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30 grams (1 oz)
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What is located in the neck, on the anterior and lateral surface of the trochlea, just below the laryns?
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thyroid gland
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The thyroid gland has 2 differ hormones what are they?
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triiodothyronine (T3) & tetraiodothyronine (T4)
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Which thyroid hormone contains 3 iodine atomes and considered the principal thyroid hormone; binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells?
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triiodothyronine (T3)
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Which thyroid gland contains 4 iodine atoms; approx. 20 times more abundant than T3?
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tetraiodothyronine (T4)
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Thyroid hormone helps regulate the metabolic rate of all cells and cell growth and tissue differentiation; said to have a "general" target
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True
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What is produced by thyroid gland i nthe parafolilcular cells?
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Calcitonin
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In human beings, what may subtly influence the processing of calcium by bone cells by decreasing blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix
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Calcitonin
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Parathyroid hormone acts as antagonist to what to maintain calcium homeostasis
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Calcitonin
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4 or 5 parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid's lateral lobes
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True
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This is located on top of the kidneys, fitting like caps
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adrenal glands
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The adrenal glands is composed of 2 portions. What are they?
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adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla
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What is made of endocrine tissue?
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adrenal cortex
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What is made of neurosecretory tissue?
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adrenal medulla
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What is the structure of pancreatic islets?
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elongated gland weighing approx. 100 grams (3.5 oz)
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Where does the pancreatic islets lie?
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in the duodenum, extends horizontally behind the stomach, and then touches the spleen
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The pancreatice islets are composed of endocrine and exocrine tissues
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True
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What is the pancreatic islets made out of?
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endocrine
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What is the acini made of it?
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exocrine portion
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What is the exocrine portion made of?
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secretes a serous fluid containing digestive enzymes into ducts draining into the small intestine
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Pancreatic islets: each islet contains 4 primary types of endocrine glands joined by gap juncitons
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True
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What are the 4 types of endocrine glands in the Pancreatic islets?
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Alpha (A cells); Beta (B cells); Delta (D cells); and Pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells or F cells)
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Alpha cells secrete
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glucagon
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Beta cells secrete
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insulin
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Delta cells secrete
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somatostatin
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Pancreatic hormones work as a team to maintain homeostasis of food molecules
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True
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What tends to increase blood glucose levels and stimulates gluconeogenisis in liver cells?
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glucagon
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What lowers blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells?
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insulin
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What are paired organs in the scrotum in the male?
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Testes
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What is produced by the interstitial cells and responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual chara.?
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Testosterone
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What are primary sex organs in females?
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ovaries
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What are a set of paired glands in the pelvis that produce several types of sex hormones?
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ovaries
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What is a steroid hormones secreted by ovairan follicles; promote development & maintence of female sexual chara?
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Estrogen
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What is secreted by corpus luteum; maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy?
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Progesterone
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What are the tissues that form on the lining of the uterus as a connection between the circulartory systems of the mother and developing child?
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Placenta
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What serves as a temp endo gland that produces human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, and progesterone?
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placenta
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What is located in the mediastinum just below the sternum?
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thymus
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What is larger in children and prob dissappear by old age?
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thymus
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What hormone has been isolated from thymus tissue?
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thymosin
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What stimulates development of T cells
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Thymosin
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Hormone- producing cells in the heart produce Atrial natriuretic hormone whose primary effect is to
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oppose increases in blood volume or blood pressure; also antagonist to antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
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When does endo regulation begin?
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in the womb
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Horomes related to reproduction begin at puberty
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True
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Secretion of male reproductive hormones is continous from puberty, slight decline in late adulthood but never stop producing
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True
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Secretion of female reproductive hormones declines suddenly and completely in middle adulthood
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True
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Nearly every process in the human organism is kept in balance by the intricate interaction of differ...
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nervous and endo regulatory chemicals
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The endo system operates with the nervous system to finely adjust the many processes they regulate
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True
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Neuroendocrine system adjusts nutrient supply
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True
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The nervous system and hormones regulate reproduction
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True
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Calcitonin, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone balance calcium ion use
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True
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