Chapter 15, Part 2- Review Exam #2

Front 1

What three laws of thermodynamics explain the relationship between heat and energy and their exchange during work processes.

Back 1

1.Law of Conservation of Energy
2. Energy moves toward greater entropy or randomness
3. Absolute zero (0° K or -273.15° C) is void of all energy

Front 2

What does the law of conservation state?

Back 2

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the amt. of heat energy added to the system minus the work done by the system on the surroundings.

Front 3

Energy is defined as?

Back 3

the exertion of force (kinetic) or the capacity (potential) to do work.

Front 4

The unit of measurement for energy is?

Back 4

joule

Front 5

Joule=

Back 5

the force of one newton that moves its point of application 1 meter in the direction of that force.

Front 6

Potential Energy is? equation?

Back 6

Energy waiting to be used. It is stored and available to be converted to power
1. defined as mass (m) times gravity (g) times height (h).
2. PE=mgh

Front 7

Kinetic Energy is? equation?

Back 7

Energy of movement.
1. defined as one half the product of mass times the velocity squared.
2. KE= (1/2)mv²

Front 8

Entropy is?

Back 8

i. The universe’s trend to equilibrate all things.
ii. It is the process that allows everything from ice melting to gas expansion. Sleep and induction of anesthesia are thought to be entropic processes.

Front 9

T or F. Entropy is unidirectional from high concentration to low concentration.

Back 9

T

Front 10

What is a process that is driven by entropy?

Back 10

diffusion

Front 11

When does entropy end?

Back 11

when all energy is equally distributed

Front 12

The addition of heat energy causes liquid water to? why?

Back 12

expand, due to the water molecules moving apart with greater kinetic energy that ultimately allows them to escape individually as a vapor

Front 13

Temp is the measurement of the? heat is?

Back 13

thermal state of the object, thermal energy

Front 14

H2O freezes at ______ and boils at ______ .

Back 14

273.15 K, 373.15 K

Front 15

Celsius to Kelvin

Back 15

K=C + 273

Front 16

Celsius to Fahrenheit

Back 16

F= 1.8 (C) + 32

Front 17

Fahrenheit to Celcius

Back 17

C= (F – 32)/ 1.8

Front 18

T or F. Heat and energy are the same

Back 18

T

Front 19

What mechanism in the body prevents heat loss?

Back 19

Vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels, although anesthesia abolishes this

Front 20

What allows for heat loss in warmer environments?

Back 20

vasodilation

Front 21

What is Core Temperature Redistribution?

Back 21

Process of increased heat loss from the body resulting from the vasodilating effects of volatile and regional anesthetics, which cause greater blood flow and heat flow to the body’s surface from the core.

Front 22

The greatest decrease of core temperature occurs when?

Back 22

in the first hour of surgery

Front 23

What are the 4 primary processes of heat loss?

Back 23

1.Radiation
2.Convection
3.Conduction
4.Evaporation

Front 24

What is the most significant process of heat loss in our patients?

Back 24

radiation

Front 25

Describe heat loss through radiation.

Back 25

ii. Radiation of infrared electromagnetic wavelength transfers heat energy from our warm bodies to the less warm OR.

Front 26

Describe heat loss through convection.

Back 26

The process of creating air currents by heat

Front 27

Describe heat loss through conduction.

Back 27

i. Transfer of heat by physically touching a less warm object
ii. Heat exchange occurs from high concentration to lower concentration

Front 28

Describe heat loss through evaporation.

Back 28

i. Not usually a large contributor to patient heat loss.
ii. Includes moisture evaporated from the patient’s skin, as well as exhaled water vapor.

Front 29

Latent heat of vaporization is?

Back 29

the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase. (measured in kilojoules)

Front 30

The energy withdrawn from the environment to convert one gram of water into vapor is ______ joules

Back 30

2500

Front 31

To reduce evaporation through breathing what two things could you do to minimize heat loss?

Back 31

lower gas flow rates and in line humidifier should be utilized whenever possible

Front 32

What is the second most significant form of heat loss?

Back 32

convection

Front 33

Vaporization is the process of?

Back 33

converting liquids or solids into vapors

Front 34

T or F. Vaporization requires energy

Back 34

T

Front 35

Boiling point is?

Back 35

The temperature at which the bulk of a liquid at a given pressure converts to a vapor

Front 36

The rate of vaporization depends only on what three things?

Back 36

the temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid, and the partial pressure of the vapor above the evaporating liquid

Front 37

As gas molecules escape the liquid, they exert a pressure known as?

Back 37

vapor pressure

Front 38

Will increasing heat increase the rate of vaporization?

Back 38

yes

Front 39

All liquids that have high vapor pressures at room temperatures are known as?

Back 39

volatile liquids

Front 40

Vapor pressure and boiling points are _______ related

Back 40

inversely

Front 41

Vapor pressures of volatile anesthetics at STP are

Back 41

1. Isoflurane: 238 mmHg
2. Sevoflurane: 160 mmHg
3. Desflurane: 660 mmHg

Front 42

Vapor pressures are unique characteristics of liquids that depend solely on?

Back 42

temperature

Front 43

xi. If a high-vapor-pressure volatile anesthetic agent is placed inside a vaporizer calibrated for a lower-vapor-pressure volatile anesthetic, the output of that vaporizer will be?

Back 43

higher than indicated on the control dial, and vice versa.

Front 44

Absolute Zero

Back 44

i. Theoretical state devoid of all energy.
ii. This is impossible because no matter how much energy is distributed, it will still be present.
iii. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
iv. Theoretical temperature of absolute zero is -273 C or 0 K or -460 F

Front 45

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Back 45

explains how molecules behave as they follow the previously described laws of thermodynamics

Front 46

Matter is composed of small particles called _________ and molecules are composed of ______.

Back 46

molecules, atoms

Front 47

Molecules in a solid are held close together by __________ ______.

Back 47

intermolecular forces

Front 48

Molecules in a liquid are held together by _________ ______and may _____ or flow by one another

Back 48

intermolecular forces, slide

Front 49

Molecules in a gas move ______, and the attractive forces between molecules are _____ than their kinetic energy.

Back 49

linearly, less

Front 50

Molecules have no _______.

Back 50

volume

Front 51

Do gas molecules exert force on each other?

Back 51

no, unless they collide

Front 52

Do collisions of molecules with each other on the walls of the container decrease the energy of the system?

Back 52

no

Front 53

The temperature of a gas depends entirely on its?

Back 53

kinetic energy

Front 54

Gas Laws are based on the discoveries of what three scientists?

Back 54

Jacques Charles, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.

Front 55

Boyles law

Back 55

Pressure to volume relationship is indirectly proportional
-At a constant temperature, pressure will increase as volume decreases and vice versa

Front 56

Charles Law

Back 56

Volume to temperature relationship is directly proportional.
-At a constant pressure, volume will increase as temperature increases and vice versa

Front 57

Gay- Lussac’s Law

Back 57

pressure to temperature relationship is directly proportional
-At a constant volume, as pressure increases, temperature increases

Front 58

Universal Gas Law or ideal gas law equation?

Back 58

PV=nrT
At standard temperature, P is pressure, V is volume, n is the # of moles, r is the constant 0.0821 liter-atm/K/mole, and T is temperature

Front 59

Mole =

Back 59

gram of MW of a gas

Front 60

Avogadro’s Number

Back 60

In a mole of any gas there are 6.023 X 10^23 molecules

Front 61

Van der Waal’s Forces states?

Back 61

An ideal gas would possess molecules that occupy no volume and never interact with other molecules

Front 62

Van der Waal’s Equation

Back 62

(P+n^2a/V^2) (V/n-b) = RT
i. P=pressure
ii. n=# of moles
iii. a=measure of attraction between the particles
iv. V=volume of container containing fluid
v. b=volume excluded by a mole of particles
vi. R=gas constant
vii. T=absolute temperature

Front 63

Is ideal gas law adequate?

Back 63

yes

Front 64

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure states that?

Back 64

the total pressure of a system is the additive pressures of each individual gas in a mixture
Pt=P1+P2+P3+P4+P5+……

Front 65

Medical air, daltons law of PP?

Back 65

i. 79% Nitrogen: 0.79 X 760 mmHg = 600.4 mmHg partial pressure N2
ii. 21% Oxygen: 0.21 X 760 mmHg = 156.6 mmHg partial pressure O2

Front 66

Adiabatic changes

Back 66

- A rapid expansion or compression of a gas without equilibration of energy with the surrounding environment is called an adiabatic process and entails no increase or decrease in a system’s energy

Front 67

What is the energy concentration Effect?

Back 67

Compressing a gas quickly will intensify the kinetic energy such that the thermal measurement of the gas will be higher.
-temp rises proportional to the decreased volume

Front 68

Energy Dilution, Joule-Thompson Effect

Back 68

Explains the cooling effect that occurs with adiabatic expansion of a gas
-Rapid expansion of a gas causes the temperature measurement to decrease

Front 69

Fluids are defined by their response to

Back 69

stress

Front 70

Fluids continuously change shape when subjected to shear stress, and respond in one of two ways to perpendicular forces.

Back 70

a. Resist compression (e.g.- liquids)
b. Compressible and easily expandable (e.g.-gases)

Front 71

Friction is?

Back 71

resistance to flow from surface interaction and is proportional to viscosity

Front 72

Viscosity is

Back 72

the inherent property of a fluid that resists flow

Front 73

Flow moves from?

Back 73

higher to lower resistance

Front 74

Flow is defined as the?

Back 74

quantity of a fluid passing a point per unit of time, where F is the mean flow, Q is a quantity, and t is time.
F=Q/t

Front 75

Laminar flow

Back 75

all molecules of a fluid travel in a parallel path within the tube

Front 76

Turbulent flow is?

Back 76

described as chaotic with irregular eddies thoroughout

Front 77

Transitional flow is?

Back 77

a mixture of laminar flow along the walls of a tube with turbulent flow in the center

Front 78

The molecules in the center encounter the?

Back 78

the least adhesive forces of the walls of the tube and therefore move at a velocity twice that of the mean flow

Front 79

Where does flow slow and cease?

Back 79

decreases approaching the walls and ceases at the wall.

Front 80

Poiseuille’s Law

Back 80

F = (πr4ΔP)/(8nl)
F is flow
π is the constant pie
r4 is the radius to the fourth power
ΔP is the pressure gradient
n is the viscosity of fluid
l is the length of the tube

Front 81

According to Poiseuille’s law what will have the most dramatic effect on flow?

Back 81

radius

Front 82

Doubling the radius will result in a ___-fold increase in flow

Back 82

16

Front 83

If the viscosity of a fluid is increased, what happens to flow?

Back 83

decreases

Front 84

Increasing the length of a tube will do what to flow?

Back 84

decrease

Front 85

If you decrease the length by 50%, there will be a corresponding?

Back 85

doubling of flow

Front 86

Will increasing peak pressures increase flow and Tv?

Back 86

yes

Front 87

Turbulent flow often occurs in medium to large? and predominates during?

Back 87

airways of the lung and predominates during periods of peak flow, coughing , and phonation.

Front 88

Orifice constrictions, such as glottic closure cause?

Back 88

laminar flow to become turbulent

Front 89

Reynold’s Number =

Back 89

vpd/η
v = the linear velocity of fluid
p = density of the fluid
d = diameter of the tube
η = viscosity

Front 90

A calculated Reynolds number less than 2000 will reflect predominantly?

Back 90

laminar flow

Front 91

A calculated Reynolds number greater than 2000 will reflect predominantly?

Back 91

turbulent flow

Front 92

Reynold’s number is directly proportional to? inversely proportional to?

Back 92

-directly proportional to the density of the fluid, linear velocity of the flow, and tube diameter
-Flow is inversely proportional to fluid viscosity

Front 93

Bernoulli’s Principle

Back 93

describes the effect of fluid flow through a tube containing a constriction
-As flow passes through a narrowing in a tube, the velocity of that flow increases and there is a corresponding decrease in pressure at the area of narrowing

Front 94

This drop in pressure is explained by the?

Back 94

conservation of Energy law

Front 95

Bernoulli Equation

Back 95

P + 1/2ΔV^2 + ρgh = constant
P is pressure
Δ is density
V is velocity
g is gravitational acceleration
h is height

Front 96

Velocity =

Back 96

Quantity of flow per unit of time/area

Front 97

Venturi Effect

Back 97

Utilizes the pressure drop across a narrowing in a tube by placing an orifice at the narrowed region of flow, air is allowed to be entrained and enter the flow.

Front 98

What uses the venturi effect?

Back 98

Jet ventilation

Front 99

Coanda Effect

Back 99

Explains the tendency of a fluid flow to follow a curved surface upon emerging from a constriction.

Front 100

Laplace’s Law

Back 100

Describes the relationship of wall tension (T) to pressure (P) and radius (r) in cylinders and spheres

Front 101

Laplace's Law for a cyclinder?

Back 101

T=Pr

Front 102

Laplace's Law for a sphere?

Back 102

2T= Pr

Front 103

What principle do metered dose inhalers follow?

Back 103

Bernoulli

Front 104

Tension is measured in?

Back 104

Newtons per cm (N/cm)

Front 105

Do smaller-diameter capillaries have greater wall tension than larger vessels?

Back 105

no, less, which explains why larger vessels may burst (aneurysms) during HTN

Front 106

In spheres wall tension is?

Back 106

increased twice as much with increasing radius

Front 107

How can you decrease wall tension?

Back 107

decreasing pressure

Front 108

Increased Wall tension also increases?

Back 108

contractility, but to a point Frank Starling curve

Front 109

Surfactant lowers?

Back 109

surface tension in alveoli to prevent the effects observed with laplace’s law.
-lowers the pressure, but works better in smaller alveoli than larger due to the effect of concentration when an alveolus contracts

Front 110

Basic ripple of a wave is?

Back 110

energy

Front 111

What are the two types of waves?

Back 111

Transverse and Longitudinal

Front 112

Transverse waves are composed of?

Back 112

up-and-down movement, the medium particles move perpendicular to wave direction.

Front 113

Longitudinal waves are composed of?

Back 113

back-and-forth movement along the direction of the wave, and the medium particles move forward parallel to the wave direction

Front 114

Sound waves are?

Back 114

longitudinal

Front 115

Pressure waves can be? 4

Back 115

reflected, refracted, diffracted, or absorbed (interfered) by other waves

Front 116

Reflection

Back 116

Waves reflect off of a medium in the same but opposite angle.

Front 117

Refraction

Back 117

Redirected in a new direction by contact with a new medium

Front 118

Diffraction

Back 118

Spread or scattered; bending around an object

Front 119

When waves interfere, amplitudes are _______.

Back 119

additive

Front 120

Constructive interference

Back 120

is when the crest of one wave passes through the crest of another wave or the trough of one wave passes through the trough of another wave, and the resultant wave is greater

Front 121

Destructive interference

Back 121

is when the crest of one wave passes through the trough of another wave. Amplitudes from one crest are added to the negative amplitudes from the other wave’s trough, and the resultant wave is less

Front 122

Sound waves are?

Back 122

pressure fluctuations that deviate from ambient pressure and are measured in pascals (Pa)

Front 123

The speed of sound through air at 0 degrees is?

Back 123

740 miles per hour

Front 124

Sound waves above the auditory limit of the human ear are known as?

Back 124

ultrasound

Front 125

The introduction of ultrasonography has been made possible by?

Back 125

piezoelectric crystals that act as both signal generators and signal transducers

Front 126

Piezoelectric Effect

Back 126

1. Unique quartz, ceramic, or polymer composition crystals that contain a matrix of polarized molecules that; respond to electric current by changing shape and; respond to mechanical stresses by generating an electric current.

Front 127

The rate at which the crystal vibrates is called its?

Back 127

resonant frequency.